  UMSDOS HOW-TO
  Jacques Gelinas, jacques@solucorp.qc.ca
  v1.1, 13 November 1995

  Umsdos is a linux file system. It provide an alternative to the EXT2
  file-system. Its main goal is to achieve easier coexistence with Ms-
  DOS data by sharing the same partition.  This document explain first
  how to use Umsdos in different configuration, and later explain its
  operation and try to provide some information letting you decide if it
  is a good choice for you (see UMSDOS-WHY-TO at the end).

  1.  UMSDOS: Where is it ?

  1.1.  History

  The Umsdos project was started in 1992 and made available to the net
  in January 1994 as a patch. It was included in the standard kernel
  distribution in July, starting with kernel 1.1.36.

  Umsdos was early adopted in the Slackware distribution even before it
  was officially included in the official kernel.

  Umsdos was improved starting at kernel 1.1.60. Its performance has
  been dramatically enhanced, especially for writing. Since 1.1.70
  (around this), it is stable again.

  A major bug was solve in Linux 1.2.2. This bug was causing some grief
  to users since the beginning (some file were silently renamed, giving
  the sad impression that they were deleted). Beware that Slackware 2.2
  is still shipping release 1.2.1 of the kernel, so has this bug.

  1.2.  Availability

  It is available as a patch for kernel 1.0.x. It is built-in for kernel
  1.2. It can be compiled in or load as a module.  Beware that for now,
  if you intend to load umsdos as a module, you must also use the Ms-DOS
  fs as a module. This come from a limitation in the module system (some
  symbols are only export when the drivers is installed as a module).

  1.3.  Distribution supporting it

  So far, I think only Slackware does support it. I am surely wrong, so
  please send me info to correct this.

  1.4.  Home site

  The home site for Umsdos is sunsite.unc.edu. Look in the directory
  /pub/Linux/system/Filesystems/umsdos.

  1.5.  Technical documentation

  There is quite a lot of documentation about the internal of Umsdos. It
  is available both in HTML and text format at the same location as the
  utilities.

  As far as I know, the HTML version is not available online on any web
  site. You must down-load it and "UN-tar" it and read it locally.

  1.6.  Who wrote it

  Jacques Gelinas jacques@solucorp.qc.ca

  2.  Umsdos as your root partition

  2.1.  The pseudo-root concept.

  With Umsdos, Linux can be installed in a standard DOS partition. Linux
  is then installed as a second (or third) OS in the partition. To avoid
  name collision (there is maybe a bin or tmp directory in the drive C:
  already), Umsdos use a smart trick: The pseudo-root.

  All Linux files are installed in a DOS subdirectory called linux,
  generally C: LINUX. The normal Linux/Unix directory structure goes
  there. So you get

  ·

     C:\LINUX\BIN

  ·

     C:\LINUX\ETC

  ·

     C:\LINUX\LIB

  ·

     C:\LINUX\ROOT

  ·

     C:\LINUX\SBIN

  ·

     C:\LINUX\TMP

  ·

     C:\LINUX\USR

  ·

     C:\LINUX\VAR

  When the Umsdos boot, it probes for the directory linux and then
  /linux/etc. If it exist, it activates the pseudo-root mode.

  Mostly, the pseudo-root mode switch the root of the partition to
  C:\LINUX giving the conventional Unix directory layout

  ·

     /bin

  ·

     /etc

  ·

     /lib

  ·

     /root

  ·

     /sbin

  ·

     /tmp

  ·

     /usr

  ·

     /var

  To this list, it adds a new one called DOS. This one is a virtual
  directory.

  2.2.  Things to know about the pseudo-root

  ·  This mode can only be triggered at boot time. There is no way to
     activate this by a mount command.

  ·  This mechanism is purely a different view of a normal Umsdos file-
     system. This means that a partition normally used as a root
     partition can be normally mounted. There won't be any pseudo-root
     effect.

     For example, if you boot linux with a maintenance floppy and mount
     your normal root partition in /mnt, you will find all your linux
     directory in /mnt/linux/bin, /mnt/linux/etc and so on.

  3.  Different topics about the operation of Umsdos

  3.1.  Mount option

  You can use the same mount option as for the Ms-DOS file system.  The
  option conv= is questionable on a Umsdos system. I suggest to avoid
  it. Mostly the option you may want to look at are

  ·  uid=

  ·  gid=

  ·  umask=

  Just remember that Umsdos manage non promoted directory the same way
  as the Ms-DOS file system. The option above will apply globally to all
  non promoted directory. uid setup the default owner, gid setup the
  default group and umask setup the default permissions.

  3.2.  How to set defaults for the root

  umssetup was created to provide at run time default ownership for the
  root partition. For other Umsdos partition, mount option may be used
  or umssetup. Storing mount option in /etc/fstab is the prefered way
  for non root partition. Here is an example.  Put this in
  /etc/rc.d/rc.S.

                       /sbin/umssetup -u jack -g group -m 0755 /

  3.3.  To swap or not to swap

  Using a swap file is generally slower than a swap partition.  It is
  however much more flexible. You can setup a swap file in a Umsdos
  partition the same way you do it for any other Linux file systems. For
  example, to setup a 8 megabytes swap file in the root directory:

                       dd if=/dev/zero bs=1024k count=8 of=/swap
                       mkswap /swap 8192
                       sync
                       swapon /swap

  Once done, you can put the following line in /etc/fstab

                       /swap   swap    swap    default

  And the swap file will be activated at each boot (There is generally a
  "swapon -a" in /etc/rc.d/rc.S).

  4.  How to boot a Umsdos system

  4.1.  Loadlin

  The package lodlin15.tgz available from sunsite.unc.edu in
  /pub/Linux/system/Bootutils. This utility is particularly suited to
  boot a Umsdos system. Generally all you need to do is

               Boot DOS
               C:>loadlinx zimage root=D:

  where zimage is a normal kernel image (compressed) simply copied
  somewhere in the DOS drive. D: is the DOS drive where you have
  installed Linux.

  4.2.  From a floppy

  Booting a Umsdos system from a floppy is not different from booting a
  Ext2 system. You need a kernel zImage file properly initialize to
  locate your root Umsdos partition. This is generally achieved using
  the command rdev. The following sequence will initialize a zImage and
  put it on a floppy.

          rdev zImage /dev/hda1
          rdev -R zImage 0
          dd if=zImage bs=8192 of=/dev/fd0

  If this looks confusing, just format a boot-able DOS floppy and put
  the following component on it.

  ·  loadlin.exe

  ·  loadlinx.exe

  ·  zimage

  and setup the autoexec.bat like this

               loadlinx zimage rw root=C:

  4.3.  LILO

  LILO, the official Linux boot loader can also be used to boot a Umsdos
  system. I have no experience with it though. Since 1.1.60, it should
  work. Please email if you know something.

  4.4.  How to defragment a Umsdos partition

  It can be done using any popular DOS tool. There is nothing particular
  about file produced by Umsdos. And Umsdos do not expect anything
  particular (directory layout, directory entry sequence, etc...) from
  the file system under it.

  As far as I know, there is no Linux tool to achieve this.

  4.5.  Advance tricks

  Umsdos rely on the --linux-.--- which rely on the DOS directory. Some
  users may want to experiment a bit. The utility udosctl part of the
  umsdos_progs package (containing umssync and umssetup) allows basic
  directory operation (listing, deletion) independently on the
  --linux-.--- and the DOS directory.

  5.  Basic principle

  5.1.  Introduction

  Umsdos map Linux files directly to Ms-DOS files.  This is a one for
  one translation. File content is not manipulated at all. Umsdos only
  works on names. For special files (links and devices for example), it
  introduces special management.

  For each directory, there is a file named --linux-.---.

  5.2.  Umsdos can replace the Ms-DOS file-system.

  Umsdos can be thought as a general purpose superset of the Ms-DOS file
  system of linux. In fact this capability or flexibility yields much
  confusion about Umsdos. Here is why. Try to mount a newly formatted
  DOS floppy like this.

               mount -t umsdos /dev/fd0 /mnt

  And do this,

               ls / >/mnt/LONGFILENAME
               ls -l /mnt

  You will get the following result

               -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root          302 Apr 14 23:25 longfile

  So far, it seems that the Umsdos file system does not do much more (in
  fact nothing at all) than the normal Ms-DOS file system of Linux.

  ???

  5.3.  Directory promotion

  Pretty unimpressive so far. Here is the trick. Unless promoted a DOS
  directory will be managed the same way with Umsdos than the Ms-DOS
  file-system will. Umsdos use a special file in each subdirectory to
  achieve the translation between the extended capabilities (long name,
  ownership, etc...) of Umsdos and the limitation of the DOS file-
  system.  This file is invisible to Umsdos users, but visible when you
  boot DOS. To avoid cluttering the DOS partition with those file
  (--linux-.---) uselessly, the file is now optional. If absent, Umsdos
  behave like Ms-DOS.

  When a directory is promoted, any subsequent operation will be done
  with the full semantic normally available to Unix and Linux users. And
  all subdirectory created afterward will be silently promoted.

  This feature allows you to logically organize your DOS partition into
  DOS stuff and Linux stuff. It is important to understand that those
  --linux-.--- file do take some place (generally 2k per directory). DOS
  generally use large cluster (as big as 16k for a 500meg partition), so
  avoiding putting --linux-.--- everywhere can save your day.

  5.4.  How to promote: /sbin/umssync

  A directory can be promoted any time using /sbin/umssync.  It can be
  used at any time. Promoting a directory do the following operation

  ·  Create a --linux-.---.

  ·  Establish a one to one relation between the --linux-.--- and the
     current content of the directory.

  /sbin/umssync maintain an existing --linux-.--- file.  It does not
  create it from scratch all the time. It simply add missing entries in
  it (Files created during a DOS session).  It will also removed files
  which do not exist anymore in the DOS directory from the --linux-.---.
  umssync gets its name from that. It put --linux-.--- in sync with the
  underlying DOS directory.

  5.5.  Using /sbin/umssync at boot time

  It is a good idea to place a call to /sbin/umssync at the end of your
  /etc/rc.d/rc.S if it's not there. The following command is adequate
  for most system:

               /sbin/umssync -r99 -c -i+ /

  The -c option prevent umssync from promoting directories. It will only
  update existing --linux-.---.

  This command is useful if you access Linux directory during a DOS
  session. Linux has no efficient way to tell that a directory has been
  modified by DOS so Umsdos can't do a umssync operation as needed.

  5.6.  How to UN-promote

  Remove the --linux-.--- file using DOS. You will be sorry.

  5.7.  What about files created during a DOS session ?

  Unless you use umssync on a directory where files have been added or
  removed by DOS, you will notice some problems:

  ·  It won't crash the system nor it won't cause major problems, only
     annoyance :-)
  ·  Files created by DOS.

  ·  They will be invisible in Linux.

  ·  When trying to create a file with the same name, you will get an
     error message stating that the file already exist.

  ·  This creates more confusion that real problem. It does not harm the
     file system.

  ·  Files deleted by DOS won't cause problem. Umsdos will notice the
     absence at the first access. A message will be output (and
     generally written into /var/adm/syslog).

  6.  Installation/UN-installation and some tricks

  The installation of a Umsdos is not much different from the
  installation of an ordinary (Ext2 based) Linux system.

  There are two main differences.

  6.1.  The pseudo-root /mnt/linux

  The normal steps for an installation are

  1. Setting a partition with fdisk and formatting it.

  2. Mounting it as /mnt relative to our installation root disk.

  3. Copy all packages into /mnt.

  With Umsdos, the step 1 is not required (wasn't it the goal of Umsdos
  not to reformat ?).

  It is possible to install a Umsdos system just by copying all packages
  into /mnt. This will certainly work. But it will create a bunch of
  subdirectories into your DOS root directory (C:) and you won't like
  it. This is the reason all Umsdos installation use the pseudo-root.
  And this is the major difference between a normal Ext2 installation
  and a Umsdos one: All files are copied into /mnt/linux.

  6.2.  Preparing /mnt/linux

  /mnt/linux is not an ordinary directory. It has to be promoted so it
  will correctly handle Linux long file name and special files (links,
  device). The step required to setup /mnt/linux are:

  1. mkdir /mnt/linux

  2. umssync /mnt/linux

  That's it!

  6.3.  Making sure /mnt/linux is correctly setup

  Even if the setup of /mnt/linux is pretty simple, there are many
  installation package out there who get it wrong. How can ?

  The biggest installation problem come from an incompatible umssync
  program. Umsdos has been update in linux 1.1.88 (Can't remember
  exactly) and a flaw was uncovered in umssync. To avoid confusion in
  the Linux community, it was decided to raise the compatibility level
  required for all Umsdos tools. Old version of the tools were simply
  rejected.

  It sounds like many distribution did not update their umssync utility
  on the installation disk.

  There are still many distribution like this out there. The net result
  is that the directory /mnt/linux is not promoted at all and will
  truncate all long file name and will reject all special file.

  It is possible to do a test very early during the installation to find
  out if something went wrong. Thanks to the pseudo console mechanism of
  Linux, you can do that without leaving the installation program. Do
  the following steps:

  1. Press Alt-F2 (Alt key at the same time as the F2 key).

  2. login as root.

  3. cd /mnt/linux

     If this fail, you are trying this too early. A good time to do this
     is at the end of the packages selection.

  4. >TOTO

  5. ls -l

     You should see an empty file TOTO in uppercase. If you see it in
     lowercase, something went wrong. Try to do the umssync step again.
     umssync can be use over and over without problem.

     umssync .

     If there is no error message, try the TOTO test again.  If TOTO
     appears fine, then all is OK. Something is strange in this
     installation, but you just save it. Continue

  6. Press Alt-F1 to get back to the installation screen.

  If the test fail, the best fix is to get a newer installation root
  disk. You can generally fix this root disk by installing a newer
  version of umssync. This is not difficult but required a working Linux
  system. You simply have to mount the root disk floppy and replace the
  offending umssync with a new one.

  6.4.  Oops releasing pseudo root ...

  Most Umsdos installation which fail, do this by printing this strange
  message. This is not a bug in Umsdos although the message looks
  strange. Here are the known causes.

  ·  The most common one

     The Slackware installation try to setup a swap file very early
     during the installation. To do so, it asks you to select a
     partition (dos drive), then mount it and set the swap file.

     When installing a Slackware system, you must setup the target
     partition prior to install. This normally mounts the DOS partition
     on /mnt, creates the /mnt/linux directory and applies umssync on
     it.

     This is where most problems come from. Most user just forget the
     "setup target partition" step and go directly to the rest of the
     installation. Since /mnt is already mounted, this mistake goes
     unnotice.  This means that /mnt/linux was not created properly (Not
     promoted). All special files and links and long names can't be
     created properly.

  ·  Invalid umssync utility

     /mnt/linux was improperly setup-ed. Generally caused by an improper
     umssync utility on the installation root disk.

  ·  Old bug in umsdos

     There was a bug in Umsdos prior to Linux 1.2.2. The pseudo-root
     mode would not activate properly if the file /etc/init was missing.
     init is now located in /sbin. You can fix it by getting a newer
     kernel.  This is recommended because another bug was uncover and
     fixed in 1.2.2.

     If you can't upgrade, do this

     1. Boot from you installation disk.

     2. Login as root.

     3. mount -t umsdos /dev/hdXX /mnt

        where /dev/hdXX is your DOS partition.

     4. cd /mnt/linux/etc

     5. ln -s ../sbin/init init

     6. cd /

     7. Ctrl-Alt-Del

     8. Boot your Umsdos normally.

  Unfortunatly, the first two (Installation problems) produce a
  completly unusable installation. Uninstall it (See next section) and
  install again.

  6.5.  How to UN-install a Umsdos system

  One neat thing about Umsdos and its pseudo-root mechanism, is that you
  can UN-install it without pain. You just boot DOS and recursively
  delete the linux directory. That's all. Umsdos requires no special
  drivers in the config.sys, nor it creates anything special outside of
  the linux directory.

  6.6.  Moving a Umsdos system to another DOS drive

  This can be done from Linux or from DOS.  You just have to copy
  recursively the linux directory from one drive to the other. After
  that you will have to adjust you boot mechanism (generally loadlin
  command) and the /etc/fstab file.
  Umsdos can live on any DOS drive. There is no need to install it on
  the C: drive, nor it is important to have it on the first hard drive.
  It does not matter at all.

  In fact, one may decide to have several Umsdos installations on
  different drive just to do experiments.

  6.7.  About installing 50 Umsdos systems.

  How about installing a bunch of Linux systems in no time ?

  Umsdos systems are living in a DOS world. You can take advantage of
  this if you wish to install Linux easily.

  You can install and configure a Umsdos system at your site.  When you
  are satisfied with the configuration and the different packages you
  have selected, you can boot DOS and copy the complete linux directory
  to your DOS file server. Then you go to other DOS station and simply
  copy the files on the network drive to the local drive.  That's it.
  Only adjust the boot script (Loadlinx) and go.

  With minimal adjustment (Host name, IP number), anyone will be able to
  install a Linux system in a matter of minute.

  Interest readers may note that installing Linux systems by copying
  running system also works for any other Linux systems, including Ext2
  based one.

  One beauty of Linux is that there is no hidden files which have to be
  install by magic installation program.

  7.  Setting a Linux section in a DOS partition

  Umsdos has some use even for Ext2 (Native Linux file-system) users.
  One common scenario is this:

  ·  Linux being your OS of choice, the Linux partition start to fill
     and fill and fill.

  ·  Your DOS partition is collecting dust, being half empty.

  ·  You are suddenly out of space in the Ext2 partition.

  ·  You are still not sure you want to get rid of DOS.

  Umsdos may save the day here. You can setup a Linux directory in the
  DOS partition and use it without restriction for Linux usage. For
  example, say you want to setup a new directory named "extra" in your
  C: drive. And you want this directory to behave as a normal Linux
  directory. Do this (assuming that C: is /dev/hda1).

               mkdir /c
               /sbin/mount -t umsdos /dev/hda1 /c
               mkdir /c/extra
               umssync /c/extra

  You must be root to do this.

  By setting up /etc/fstab like this, you will always have access to the
  /c/extra directory.

  8.  UMSDOS-WHY-TO

  Explaining how to operate or install a Umsdos system is not enough.
  Most people are seeking some advises about using Umsdos or not.

  8.1.  The goal of Umsdos

  The goal of Umsdos was to ease the installation of Linux. An other
  goal was to ease its UN-installation.  The idea here was to promote
  the spreading of Linux.  Installing a new OS on a system is always
  troublesome. OS/2 for one will happily pollute your C: root with a
  bunch of new directories. If you are clever like me, it will also
  erase your config.sys and autoexec.bat files :-(

  The pseudo-root feature of Umsdos avoid this unwanted invasion. Linux
  can be UN-install without side effect.

  8.2.  Who needs it

  If you have a small hard drive, Umsdos will allow you to share disk
  space between DOS and Linux. A disk below 300 megs is in my opinion a
  small disk. This opinion is based on the size of the different package
  available today.  One popular word processor may eat as much as 70
  megabytes if you select all features.

  If you have a larger drive, you may consider having a dedicated Linux
  partition running the Ext2 file-system. Ext2 use a smaller cluster
  size that DOS (1k in fact) so installing many small files will eat
  less space than in a Umsdos partition.

  8.3.  Performance issue

  The following point apply to Umsdos compared with Ext2.

  ·  Directory management is faster on Ext2. This come from the overhead
     of the double directory structure of Umsdos.

  ·  File access (reading and writing) is probably faster on Umsdos than
     Ext2. This come from the simplicity of the FAT file-system used by
     DOS.

     Beware that this simplicity come with a cost:

  ·  A maximum of around 65,000 files or clusters per partitions. This
     also means that a 500 megabytes partition will use cluster 16k
     large.  In other word, a file containing a single byte will use 16k
     of disk storage.

  ·  Everything is controlled by the FAT located at the beginning of the
     hard drive. The DOS file-system is probably more fragile because of
     this.

  ·  No provision to avoid fragmentation of files. A Umsdos system will
     generally be used as a single user workstation. In this case, this
     does not matter much. As a multi-user engine, files will get
     spread-ed all around the drive, lowering file access performance.

  ·  Symbolic links are stored in normal file. If you intend to have a
     lot of them, you will find that Umsdos use quite a lot of disk
     space compared to Ext2.

