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dnsop DNS Domain Name System> Formally, any DNS Resource Record (RR) may occur under any domain name. However, some services use an operational convention for defining specific interpretations of an RRset by locating the records in a DNS branch under the parent domain to which the RRset actually applies. The top of this subordinate branch is defined by a naming convention that uses a reserved node name, which begins with the underscore character (e.g., "_name"). The underscored naming construct defines a semantic scope for DNS record types that are associated with the parent domain above the underscored branch. This specification explores the nature of this DNS usage and defines the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry with IANA. The purpose of this registry is to avoid collisions resulting from the use of the same underscored name for different services.

The core Domain Name System (DNS) technical specifications ( and ) assign no semantics to domain names or their parts, and no constraints upon which resource record (RR) types are permitted to be stored under particular names . Over time, some leaf node names, such as www and ftp, have come to imply support for particular services, but this is a matter of operational convention rather than defined protocol semantics. This freedom in the basic technology has permitted a wide range of administrative and semantic policies to be used -- in parallel. DNS data semantics have been limited to the specification of particular resource record types on the expectation that new resource record types would be added as needed. Unfortunately, the addition of new resource record types has proven extremely challenging, with significant adoption and use barriers occurring over the life of the DNS.

As an alternative to defining a new RR TYPE, some DNS service enhancements call for using an existing resource record type but specifying a restricted scope for its occurrence. Scope is meant as a static property, not one dependent on the nature of the query. It is an artifact of the DNS name. That scope is a leaf node containing the specific resource record sets that are formally defined and constrained. Specifically: The leaf occurs in a branch having a distinguished naming convention: there is a parent domain name to which the scoped data applies. The branch is under this name. The sub-branch is indicated by a sequence of one or more reserved DNS node names; at least the first (highest) of these names begins with an underscore (e.g., "_name"). Because the DNS rules for a "host" (host name) do not allow use of the underscore character, the underscored name is distinguishable from all legal host names . Effectively, this convention for naming leaf nodes creates a space for the listing of "attributes" -- in the form of resource record types -- that are associated with the parent domain above the underscored sub-branch. The scoping feature is particularly useful when generalized resource record types are used -- notably TXT, SRV, and URI . It provides efficient separation of one use of them from others. Absent this separation, an undifferentiated mass of these RRsets is returned to the DNS client, which then must parse through the internals of the records in the hope of finding ones that are relevant. Worse, in some cases, the results are ambiguous because a record type might not adequately self-identify its specific purpose. With underscore-based scoping, only the relevant RRsets are returned. A simple example is DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM), which uses _domainkey to define a place to hold a TXT record containing signing information for the parent domain. This specification formally defines how underscored names are used as "attribute" enhancements for their parent domain names. For example, the domain name "_domainkey.example." acts as an attribute of the parent domain name "example.". To avoid collisions resulting from the use of the same underscored names for different applications using the same resource record type, this document establishes the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry with IANA. Use of such node names, which begin with an underscore character, is reserved when they are the underscored name closest to the DNS root; as in that case, they are considered "global". Underscored names that are farther down the hierarchy are handled within the scope of the global underscored node name. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Some resource record types are used in a fashion that can create scaling problems if an entire RRset associated with a domain name is aggregated in the leaf node for that name. An increasingly popular approach, with excellent scaling properties, places the RRset under a specially named branch, which is in turn under the node name that would otherwise contain the RRset. The rules for naming that branch define the context for interpreting the RRset. That is, rather than:

domain-name.example / RRset

the arrangement is:

_branch.domain-name.example / RRset

A direct lookup to the subordinate leaf node produces only the desired record types, at no greater cost than a typical DNS lookup.

As defined in , the DNS uses names organized in a tree-structured or hierarchical fashion. A domain name might have multiple node names that begin with the underscore character (e.g., "_name"). A global underscored node name is the one that is closest to the root of the DNS hierarchy, also called the highest level or topmost. In the presentation convention described in Section 3.1 of , this is the rightmost name beginning with an underscore. In other presentation environments, it might be positioned differently. To avoid concern for the presentation variations, the qualifier "global" is used here.

DNS wildcards interact poorly with underscored names in two ways: Since wildcards are only interpreted as leaf names, one cannot create the equivalent of a wildcard name for prefixed names. A name such as label.*.example.com is not a wildcard. Conversely, a wildcard such as *.example.com can match any name including an underscored name. So, a wildcard might match an underscored name, returning a record that is the type controlled by the underscored name but is not intended to be used in the underscored context and does not conform to its rules.

Originally, different uses of underscored node names developed largely without coordination. For TXT records, there is no consistent, internal syntax that permits distinguishing among the different uses. In the case of the SRV RR and URI RR, distinguishing among different types of use was part of the design (see and ). The SRV and URI specifications serve as templates, defining RRs that might only be used for specific applications when there is an additional specification. The template definition included reference to two levels of tables of names from which underscored names should be drawn. The lower-level (local scope) set of _service names is defined in terms of other IANA tables, namely any table with symbolic names. The upper-level (global scope) SRV naming field is _proto, although its pool of names is not explicitly defined. The aggregate effect of these independent efforts was a long list of underscored names that were reserved without coordination, which invites an eventual name-assignment collision. The remedy is this base document and a companion document (), which define a registry for these names and attempt to register all those already in use as well as to direct changes to the pre-registry specifications that used global underscored node names.

A registry for global DNS node names that begin with an underscore is defined here. The purpose of the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry is to avoid collisions resulting from the use of the same underscored name for different applications. If a public specification calls for use of an underscored node name, the global underscored node name -- the underscored name that is closest to the DNS root -- MUST be entered into this registry. An underscored name defines the scope of use for specific resource record types, which are associated with the domain name that is the "parent" to the branch defined by the underscored name. A given name defines a specific, constrained context for one or more RR TYPEs, where use of such record types conforms to the defined constraints. Within a leaf that is underscore scoped, other RRsets that are not specified as part of the scope MAY be used. Structurally, the registry is defined as a single, flat table of RR TYPEs, under node names beginning with underscore. In some cases, such as for use of an SRV record, the full scoping name might be multi-part, as a sequence of underscored names. Semantically, that sequence represents a hierarchical model, and it is theoretically reasonable to allow reuse of a subordinate underscored name in a different, global underscored context; that is, a subordinate name is meaningful only within the scope of the global underscored node name. Therefore, they are ignored by this "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry. This registry is for the definition of highest-level -- that is, global -- underscored node name used. NAME _service1 _protoB._service2 _protoB._service3 _protoC._service3 _useX._protoD._service4 _protoE._region._authority Only global underscored node names are registered in the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry. From the example above, that would mean _service1, _service2, _service3, _service 4, and _authority would be listed in the IANA registry. The use of underscored node names is specific to each RR TYPE that is being scoped. Each name defines a place but does not define the rules for what appears underneath that place, either as additional underscored naming or as a leaf node with resource records. Details for those rules are provided by specifications for individual RR TYPEs. The sections below describe the way that existing underscored names are used with the RR TYPEs that they name. Definition and registration of subordinate underscored node names are the responsibility of the specification that creates the global underscored node name registry entry. That is, if a scheme using a global underscored node name has one or more subordinate levels of underscored node naming, the namespaces from which names for those lower levels are chosen are controlled by the parent underscored node name. Each registered global underscored node name owns a distinct, subordinate namespace.

This section provides guidance for specification writers, with a basic template they can use, to register new entries in the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry. The text can be added to specifications using RR TYPE / _NODE NAME combinations that have not already been registered: Per RFC 8552, please add the following entry to the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry: RR Type _NODE NAME Reference {RR TYPE} _{DNS global node name} {citation for the document making the addition.}

IANA has established the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry. This section describes the registry, the definitions, the initial entries, the use of_ta and _example, and the use of as guidance for expert review. IANA has also updated the "Enumservices Registrations" registry with a pointer to this document.

The "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry includes any DNS node name that begins with the underscore character ("_", ASCII 0x5F) and is the underscored node name closest to the root; that is, it defines the highest level of a DNS branch under a "parent" domain name. This registry operates under the IANA rules for "Expert Review" registration; see . The contents of each entry in the registry are defined in . Each entry in the registry MUST contain values for all of the fields specified in . Within the registry, the combination of RR Type and _NODE NAME MUST be unique. The table is to be maintained with entries sorted by the first column (RR Type) and, within that, the second column (_NODE NAME). The required Reference for an entry MUST have a stable resolution to the organization controlling that registry entry.

A registry entry contains: Lists an RR TYPE that is defined for use within this scope. Specifies a single, underscored name that defines a reserved name; this name is the global entry name for the scoped resource record types that are associated with that name. For characters in the name that have an uppercase form and a lowercase form, the character MUST be recorded as lowercase to simplify name comparisons. Lists the specification that defines a record type and its use under this _Node Name. The organization producing the specification retains control over the registry entry for the _Node Name. Each RR TYPE that is to be used with a _Node Name MUST have a separate registry entry.

The initial entries in the registry are as follows: RR Type _NODE NAME Reference * _example NULL _ta-* {} OPENPGPKEY _openpgpkey SMIMEA _smimecert SRV _dccp SRV _http SRV _ipv6 SRV _ldap SRV _ocsp SRV _sctp SRV _sip SRV _tcp SRV _udp SRV _xmpp TLSA _dane TLSA _sctp TLSA _tcp TLSA _udp TXT _acme-challenge TXT _dmarc TXT _domainkey TXT _mta-sts TXT _spf TXT _sztp TXT _tcp TXT _udp TXT _vouch URI _acct URI _dccp URI _email URI _ems URI _fax URI _ft URI _h323 URI _iax URI _ical-access URI _ical-sched URI _ifax URI _im URI _mms URI _pres URI _pstn URI _sctp URI _sip URI _sms URI _tcp URI _udp URI _unifmsg URI _vcard URI _videomsg URI _voice URI _voicemsg URI _vpim URI _web URI _xmpp

Under the NULL RR Type, the entry _ta-* denotes all node names beginning with the string _ta-*. It does NOT refer to a DNS wildcard specification.

The node name _example is reserved across all RRsets.

This section provides guidance for expert review of registration requests in the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry. This review is solely to determine adequacy of a requested entry in this registry, and it does not include review of other aspects of the document specifying that entry. For example, such a document might also contain a definition of the resource record type that is referenced by the requested entry. Any required review of that definition is separate from the expert review required here. The review is for the purposes of ensuring that: The details for creating the registry entry are sufficiently clear, precise, and complete The combination of the underscored name, under which the listed resource record type is used, and the resource record type is unique in the table For the purposes of this expert review, other matters of the specification's technical quality, adequacy, or the like are outside of scope.

The following note has been added to the "Enumservice Registrations" registry: When adding an entry to this registry, strong consideration should be given to also adding an entry to the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry.

This memo raises no security issues.

Original uses of an underscore character as a domain node name prefix, which creates a space for constrained interpretation of resource records, were specified without the benefit of an IANA registry. This produced an entirely uncoordinated set of name- creation activities, all drawing from the same namespace. A registry now has been defined. However the existing specifications that use underscore naming need to be modified, to be in line with the new registry. This document specifies those changes. The changes preserve existing software and operational practice, while adapting the specifications for those practices to the newer underscore registry model. This draft presents a technique to securely provision a networking device when it is booting in a factory-default state. Variations in the solution enables it to be used on both public and private networks. The provisioning steps are able to update the boot image, commit an initial configuration, and execute arbitrary scripts to address auxiliary needs. The updated device is subsequently able to establish secure connections with other systems. For instance, a device may establish NETCONF (RFC 6241) and/or RESTCONF (RFC 8040) connections with deployment-specific network management systems.

Thanks go to Bill Fenner, Dick Franks, Tony Hansen, Martin Hoffmann, Paul Hoffman, Peter Koch, Olaf Kolkman, Murray Kucherawy, John Levine, Benno Overeinder, and Andrew Sullivan for diligent review of the (much) earlier draft versions. For the later enhancements, thanks to Stephane Bortzmeyer, Alissa Cooper, Bob Harold, Joel Jaeggli, Benjamin Kaduk, Mirja Kuehlewind, Warren Kumari, John Levine, Benno Overeinder, Eric Rescorla, Adam Roach, Petr Spacek, Ondrej Sury, Paul Vixie, Tim Wicinski, and Paul Wouters. Special thanks to Ray Bellis for his persistent encouragement to continue this effort, as well as the suggestion for an essential simplification to the registration model.