/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.lang3;

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.nio.CharBuffer;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.text.Normalizer;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.function.Suppliers;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.stream.LangCollectors;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.stream.Streams;

/**
 * Operations on {@link String} that are
 * {@code null} safe.
 *
 * <ul>
 *  <li><strong>IsEmpty/IsBlank</strong>
 *      - checks if a String contains text</li>
 *  <li><strong>Trim/Strip</strong>
 *      - removes leading and trailing whitespace</li>
 *  <li><strong>Equals/Compare</strong>
 *      - compares two strings in a null-safe manner</li>
 *  <li><strong>startsWith</strong>
 *      - check if a String starts with a prefix in a null-safe manner</li>
 *  <li><strong>endsWith</strong>
 *      - check if a String ends with a suffix in a null-safe manner</li>
 *  <li><strong>IndexOf/LastIndexOf/Contains</strong>
 *      - null-safe index-of checks</li>
 *  <li><strong>IndexOfAny/LastIndexOfAny/IndexOfAnyBut/LastIndexOfAnyBut</strong>
 *      - index-of any of a set of Strings</li>
 *  <li><strong>ContainsOnly/ContainsNone/ContainsAny</strong>
 *      - checks if String contains only/none/any of these characters</li>
 *  <li><strong>Substring/Left/Right/Mid</strong>
 *      - null-safe substring extractions</li>
 *  <li><strong>SubstringBefore/SubstringAfter/SubstringBetween</strong>
 *      - substring extraction relative to other strings</li>
 *  <li><strong>Split/Join</strong>
 *      - splits a String into an array of substrings and vice versa</li>
 *  <li><strong>Remove/Delete</strong>
 *      - removes part of a String</li>
 *  <li><strong>Replace/Overlay</strong>
 *      - Searches a String and replaces one String with another</li>
 *  <li><strong>Chomp/Chop</strong>
 *      - removes the last part of a String</li>
 *  <li><strong>AppendIfMissing</strong>
 *      - appends a suffix to the end of the String if not present</li>
 *  <li><strong>PrependIfMissing</strong>
 *      - prepends a prefix to the start of the String if not present</li>
 *  <li><strong>Wrap</strong>
 *      - wraps a String with a character or another String</li>
 *  <li><strong>WrapIfMissing</strong>
 *      - wraps a String only where the wrapping character or String is missing</li>
 *  <li><strong>Unwrap</strong>
 *      - removes matching wrapping characters or Strings from both ends of a String</li>
 *  <li><strong>LeftPad/RightPad/Center/Repeat</strong>
 *      - pads a String</li>
 *  <li><strong>UpperCase/LowerCase/SwapCase/Capitalize/Uncapitalize</strong>
 *      - changes the case of a String</li>
 *  <li><strong>CountMatches</strong>
 *      - counts the number of occurrences of one String in another</li>
 *  <li><strong>IsAlpha/IsNumeric/IsWhitespace/IsAsciiPrintable</strong>
 *      - checks the characters in a String</li>
 *  <li><strong>DefaultString</strong>
 *      - protects against a null input String</li>
 *  <li><strong>Rotate</strong>
 *      - rotate (circular shift) a String</li>
 *  <li><strong>Reverse/ReverseDelimited</strong>
 *      - reverses a String</li>
 *  <li><strong>Abbreviate</strong>
 *      - abbreviates a string using ellipses or another given String</li>
 *  <li><strong>Difference</strong>
 *      - compares Strings and reports on their differences</li>
 *  <li><strong>LevenshteinDistance</strong>
 *      - the number of changes needed to change one String into another</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * The {@link StringUtils} class defines certain words related to
 * String handling.
 * </p>
 *
 * <ul>
 *  <li>null - {@code null}</li>
 *  <li>empty - a zero-length string ({@code ""})</li>
 *  <li>space - the space character ({@code ' '}, char 32)</li>
 *  <li>whitespace - the characters defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}</li>
 *  <li>trim - the characters &lt;= 32 as in {@link String#trim()}</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * {@link StringUtils} handles {@code null} input Strings quietly.
 * That is to say that a {@code null} input will return {@code null}.
 * Where a {@code boolean} or {@code int} is being returned
 * details vary by method.
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * A side effect of the {@code null} handling is that a
 * {@link NullPointerException} should be considered a bug in
 * {@link StringUtils}.
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * Methods in this class include sample code in their Javadoc comments to explain their operation.
 * The symbol {@code *} is used to indicate any input including {@code null}.
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * #ThreadSafe#
 * </p>
 *
 * @see String
 * @since 1.0
 */
//@Immutable
public class StringUtils {

    // Performance testing notes (JDK 1.4, Jul03, scolebourne)
    // Whitespace:
    // Character.isWhitespace() is faster than WHITESPACE.indexOf()
    // where WHITESPACE is a string of all whitespace characters
    //
    // Character access:
    // String.charAt(n) versus toCharArray(), then array[n]
    // String.charAt(n) is about 15% worse for a 10K string
    // They are about equal for a length 50 string
    // String.charAt(n) is about 4 times better for a length 3 string
    // String.charAt(n) is best bet overall
    //
    // Append:
    // String.concat about twice as fast as StringBuffer.append
    // (not sure who tested this)

    /**
     * This is a 3 character version of an ellipsis. There is a Unicode character for a HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS, U+2026 '…', this isn't it.
     */
    private static final String ELLIPSIS3 = "...";

    /**
     * A String for a space character.
     *
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static final String SPACE = " ";

    /**
     * The empty String {@code ""}.
     *
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static final String EMPTY = "";

    /**
     * The null String {@code null}. Package-private only.
     */
    static final String NULL = null;

    /**
     * A String for linefeed LF ("\n").
     *
     * @see <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.10.6">JLF: Escape Sequences
     *      for Character and String Literals</a>
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static final String LF = "\n";

    /**
     * A String for carriage return CR ("\r").
     *
     * @see <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.10.6">JLF: Escape Sequences
     *      for Character and String Literals</a>
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static final String CR = "\r";

    /**
     * Represents a failed index search.
     *
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static final int INDEX_NOT_FOUND = -1;

    /**
     * The maximum size to which the padding constant(s) can expand.
     */
    private static final int PAD_LIMIT = 8192;

    /**
     * The default maximum depth at which recursive replacement will continue until no further search replacements are possible.
     */
    private static final int DEFAULT_TTL = 5;

    /**
     * Pattern used in {@link #stripAccents(String)}.
     */
    private static final Pattern STRIP_ACCENTS_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("\\p{InCombiningDiacriticalMarks}+"); //$NON-NLS-1$

    /**
     * Abbreviates a String using ellipses. This will convert "Now is the time for all good men" into "Now is the time for..."
     *
     * <p>
     * Specifically:
     * </p>
     * <ul>
     * <li>If the number of characters in {@code str} is less than or equal to {@code maxWidth}, return {@code str}.</li>
     * <li>Else abbreviate it to {@code (substring(str, 0, max - 3) + "...")}.</li>
     * <li>If {@code maxWidth} is less than {@code 4}, throw an {@link IllegalArgumentException}.</li>
     * <li>In no case will it return a String of length greater than {@code maxWidth}.</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.abbreviate(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("", 4)        = ""
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 6) = "abc..."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 7) = "abcdefg"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 8) = "abcdefg"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 4) = "a..."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", 3) = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}.
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The String to check, may be null.
     * @param maxWidth maximum length of result String, must be at least 4.
     * @return abbreviated String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if the width is too small.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String abbreviate(final String str, final int maxWidth) {
        return abbreviate(str, ELLIPSIS3, 0, maxWidth);
    }

    /**
     * Abbreviates a String using ellipses. This will convert "Now is the time for all good men" into "...is the time for...".
     *
     * <p>
     * Works like {@code abbreviate(String, int)}, but allows you to specify a "left edge" offset. Note that this left edge is not necessarily going to be the
     * leftmost character in the result, or the first character following the ellipses, but it will appear somewhere in the result.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * In no case will it return a String of length greater than {@code maxWidth}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.abbreviate(null, *, *)                = null
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("", 0, 4)                  = ""
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", -1, 10) = "abcdefg..."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 0, 10)  = "abcdefg..."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 1, 10)  = "abcdefg..."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 4, 10)  = "abcdefg..."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 5, 10)  = "...fghi..."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 6, 10)  = "...ghij..."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 8, 10)  = "...ijklmno"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 10, 10) = "...ijklmno"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", 12, 10) = "...ijklmno"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghij", 0, 3)        = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}.
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghij", 5, 6)        = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}.
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The String to check, may be null.
     * @param offset   left edge of source String.
     * @param maxWidth maximum length of result String, must be at least 4.
     * @return abbreviated String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if the width is too small.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String abbreviate(final String str, final int offset, final int maxWidth) {
        return abbreviate(str, ELLIPSIS3, offset, maxWidth);
    }

    /**
     * Abbreviates a String using another given String as replacement marker. This will convert "Now is the time for all good men" into "Now is the time for..."
     * when "..." is the replacement marker.
     *
     * <p>
     * Specifically:
     * </p>
     * <ul>
     * <li>If the number of characters in {@code str} is less than or equal to {@code maxWidth}, return {@code str}.</li>
     * <li>Else abbreviate it to {@code (substring(str, 0, max - abbrevMarker.length) + abbrevMarker)}.</li>
     * <li>If {@code maxWidth} is less than {@code abbrevMarker.length + 1}, throw an {@link IllegalArgumentException}.</li>
     * <li>In no case will it return a String of length greater than {@code maxWidth}.</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.abbreviate(null, "...", *)      = null
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", null, *)  = "abcdefg"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("", "...", 4)        = ""
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", ".", 5)   = "abcd."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", ".", 7)   = "abcdefg"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", ".", 8)   = "abcdefg"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", "..", 4)  = "ab.."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", "..", 3)  = "a.."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", "..", 2)  = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}.
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefg", "...", 3) = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}.
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str          The String to check, may be null.
     * @param abbrevMarker The String used as replacement marker.
     * @param maxWidth     maximum length of result String, must be at least {@code abbrevMarker.length + 1}.
     * @return abbreviated String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if the width is too small.
     * @since 3.6
     */
    public static String abbreviate(final String str, final String abbrevMarker, final int maxWidth) {
        return abbreviate(str, abbrevMarker, 0, maxWidth);
    }

    /**
     * Abbreviates a String using a given replacement marker. This will convert "Now is the time for all good men" into "...is the time for..." when "..." is
     * the replacement marker.
     * <p>
     * Works like {@code abbreviate(String, String, int)}, but allows you to specify a "left edge" offset. Note that this left edge is not necessarily going to
     * be the leftmost character in the result, or the first character following the replacement marker, but it will appear somewhere in the result.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * In no case will it return a String of length greater than {@code maxWidth}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.abbreviate(null, null, *, *)                 = null
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", null, *, *)    = "abcdefghijklmno"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("", "...", 0, 4)                  = ""
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", "---", -1, 10) = "abcdefg---"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", ",", 0, 10)    = "abcdefghi,"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", ",", 1, 10)    = "abcdefghi,"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", ",", 2, 10)    = "abcdefghi,"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", "::", 4, 10)   = "::efghij::"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", "...", 6, 10)  = "...ghij..."
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", "…", 6, 10)    = "…ghijklmno"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", "*", 9, 10)    = "*ghijklmno"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", "'", 10, 10)   = "'ghijklmno"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghijklmno", "!", 12, 10)   = "!ghijklmno"
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghij", "abra", 0, 4)       = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}.
     * StringUtils.abbreviate("abcdefghij", "...", 5, 6)        = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}.
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str          The String to check, may be null.
     * @param abbrevMarker The String used as replacement marker, for example "...", or Unicode HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS, U+2026 '…'.
     * @param offset       left edge of source String.
     * @param maxWidth     maximum length of result String, must be at least 4.
     * @return abbreviated String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if the width is too small.
     * @since 3.6
     */
    public static String abbreviate(final String str, String abbrevMarker, final int offset, final int maxWidth) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        if (abbrevMarker == null) {
            abbrevMarker = EMPTY;
        }
        final int abbrevMarkerLength = abbrevMarker.length();
        final int minAbbrevWidth = abbrevMarkerLength + 1;
        final int minAbbrevWidthOffset = abbrevMarkerLength + abbrevMarkerLength + 1;

        if (maxWidth < minAbbrevWidth) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Minimum abbreviation width is %d", minAbbrevWidth));
        }
        final int strLen = str.length();
        if (strLen <= maxWidth) {
            return str;
        }
        if (strLen - offset <= maxWidth - abbrevMarkerLength) {
            int tailStart = strLen - (maxWidth - abbrevMarkerLength);
            if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, tailStart)) {
                tailStart++;
            }
            return abbrevMarker + str.substring(tailStart);
        }
        if (offset <= abbrevMarkerLength + 1) {
            int headEnd = maxWidth - abbrevMarkerLength;
            if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, headEnd)) {
                headEnd--;
            }
            return str.substring(0, headEnd) + abbrevMarker;
        }
        if (maxWidth < minAbbrevWidthOffset) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Minimum abbreviation width with offset is %d", minAbbrevWidthOffset));
        }
        int from = offset;
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, from)) {
            from++;
        }
        return abbrevMarker + abbreviate(str.substring(from), abbrevMarker, maxWidth - abbrevMarkerLength);
    }

    /**
     * Abbreviates a String to the length passed, replacing the middle characters with the supplied replacement String.
     *
     * <p>
     * This abbreviation only occurs if the following criteria is met:
     * </p>
     * <ul>
     * <li>Neither the String for abbreviation nor the replacement String are null or empty</li>
     * <li>The length to truncate to is less than the length of the supplied String</li>
     * <li>The length to truncate to is greater than 0</li>
     * <li>The abbreviated String will have enough room for the length supplied replacement String and the first and last characters of the supplied String for
     * abbreviation</li>
     * </ul>
     * <p>
     * Otherwise, the returned String will be the same as the supplied String for abbreviation.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle(null, null, 0)    = null
     * StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abc", null, 0)   = "abc"
     * StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abc", ".", 0)    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abc", ".", 3)    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.abbreviateMiddle("abcdef", ".", 4) = "ab.f"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The String to abbreviate, may be null.
     * @param middle The String to replace the middle characters with, may be null.
     * @param length The length to abbreviate {@code str} to.
     * @return The abbreviated String if the above criteria is met, or the original String supplied for abbreviation.
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static String abbreviateMiddle(final String str, final String middle, final int length) {
        if (isAnyEmpty(str, middle) || length >= str.length() || length < middle.length() + 2) {
            return str;
        }
        final int targetString = length - middle.length();
        int startOffset = targetString / 2 + targetString % 2;
        int endOffset = str.length() - targetString / 2;
        // keep both cuts off the middle of a surrogate pair so the result is never left holding a lone surrogate
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, startOffset)) {
            startOffset--;
        }
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, endOffset)) {
            endOffset++;
        }
        return str.substring(0, startOffset) + middle + str.substring(endOffset);
    }

    /**
     * Appends the suffix to the end of the string if the string does not already end with any of the suffixes.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing(null, null)      = null
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", null)     = "abc"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("", "xyz")       = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", "xyz")    = "abcxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcxyz", "xyz") = "abcxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcXYZ", "xyz") = "abcXYZxyz"
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * With additional suffixes,
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing(null, null, null)       = null
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", null, null)      = "abc"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("", "xyz", null)        = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", "xyz", new CharSequence[]{null}) = "abcxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", "xyz", "")       = "abc"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abc", "xyz", "mno")    = "abcxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcxyz", "xyz", "mno") = "abcxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcmno", "xyz", "mno") = "abcmno"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcXYZ", "xyz", "mno") = "abcXYZxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissing("abcMNO", "xyz", "mno") = "abcMNOxyz"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The string.
     * @param suffix   The suffix to append to the end of the string.
     * @param suffixes Additional suffixes that are valid terminators.
     * @return A new String if suffix was appended, the same string otherwise.
     * @since 3.2
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#appendIfMissing(String, CharSequence, CharSequence...) Strings.CS.appendIfMissing(String, CharSequence, CharSequence...)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String appendIfMissing(final String str, final CharSequence suffix, final CharSequence... suffixes) {
        return Strings.CS.appendIfMissing(str, suffix, suffixes);
    }

    /**
     * Appends the suffix to the end of the string if the string does not
     * already end, case-insensitive, with any of the suffixes.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase(null, null)      = null
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", null)     = "abc"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("", "xyz")       = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz")    = "abcxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcxyz", "xyz") = "abcxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcXYZ", "xyz") = "abcXYZ"
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * With additional suffixes,
     * </p>
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase(null, null, null)       = null
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", null, null)      = "abc"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("", "xyz", null)        = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", new CharSequence[]{null}) = "abcxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", "")       = "abc"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", "mno")    = "abcxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcxyz", "xyz", "mno") = "abcxyz"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcmno", "xyz", "mno") = "abcmno"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcXYZ", "xyz", "mno") = "abcXYZ"
     * StringUtils.appendIfMissingIgnoreCase("abcMNO", "xyz", "mno") = "abcMNO"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The string.
     * @param suffix The suffix to append to the end of the string.
     * @param suffixes Additional suffixes that are valid terminators.
     * @return A new String if suffix was appended, the same string otherwise.
     * @since 3.2
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#appendIfMissing(String, CharSequence, CharSequence...) Strings.CI.appendIfMissing(String, CharSequence, CharSequence...)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String appendIfMissingIgnoreCase(final String str, final CharSequence suffix, final CharSequence... suffixes) {
        return Strings.CI.appendIfMissing(str, suffix, suffixes);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the capacity required for a StringBuilder to hold {@code items} of {@code maxElementChars} characters plus the separators between them. The
     * separator is assumed to be 1 character.
     *
     * @param count           The number of items.
     * @param maxElementChars The maximum number of characters per item.
     * @return A StringBuilder with the appropriate capacity.
     */
    private static StringBuilder capacity(final int count, final byte maxElementChars) {
        return new StringBuilder(count * maxElementChars + count - 1);
    }

    /**
     * Capitalizes a String changing the first character to title case as per {@link Character#toTitleCase(int)}. No other characters are changed.
     *
     * <p>
     * For a word based algorithm, see {@link org.apache.commons.text.WordUtils#capitalize(String)}. A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.capitalize(null)    = null
     * StringUtils.capitalize("")      = ""
     * StringUtils.capitalize("cat")   = "Cat"
     * StringUtils.capitalize("cAt")   = "CAt"
     * StringUtils.capitalize("'cat'") = "'cat'"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to capitalize, may be null.
     * @return The capitalized String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @see org.apache.commons.text.WordUtils#capitalize(String)
     * @see #uncapitalize(String)
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String capitalize(final String str) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        final int firstCodepoint = str.codePointAt(0);
        final int newCodePoint = Character.toTitleCase(firstCodepoint);
        if (firstCodepoint == newCodePoint) {
            // already capitalized
            return str;
        }
        final int[] newCodePoints = str.codePoints().toArray();
        newCodePoints[0] = newCodePoint; // copy the first code point
        return new String(newCodePoints, 0, newCodePoints.length);
    }

    /**
     * Centers a String in a larger String of size {@code size} using the space character (' ').
     *
     * <p>
     * If the size is less than the String length, the original String is returned. A {@code null} String returns {@code null}. A negative size is treated as
     * zero.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Equivalent to {@code center(str, size, " ")}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.center(null, *)   = null
     * StringUtils.center("", 4)     = "    "
     * StringUtils.center("ab", -1)  = "ab"
     * StringUtils.center("ab", 4)   = " ab "
     * StringUtils.center("abcd", 2) = "abcd"
     * StringUtils.center("a", 4)    = " a  "
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  The String to center, may be null.
     * @param size The int size of new String, negative treated as zero.
     * @return centered String, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String center(final String str, final int size) {
        return center(str, size, ' ');
    }

    /**
     * Centers a String in a larger String of size {@code size}. Uses a supplied character as the value to pad the String with.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the size is less than the String length, the String is returned. A {@code null} String returns {@code null}. A negative size is treated as zero.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.center(null, *, *)     = null
     * StringUtils.center("", 4, ' ')     = "    "
     * StringUtils.center("ab", -1, ' ')  = "ab"
     * StringUtils.center("ab", 4, ' ')   = " ab "
     * StringUtils.center("abcd", 2, ' ') = "abcd"
     * StringUtils.center("a", 4, ' ')    = " a  "
     * StringUtils.center("a", 4, 'y')    = "yayy"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str     The String to center, may be null.
     * @param size    The int size of new String, negative treated as zero.
     * @param padChar The character to pad the new String with.
     * @return centered String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String center(String str, final int size, final char padChar) {
        if (str == null || size <= 0) {
            return str;
        }
        final int strLen = str.length();
        final int pads = size - strLen;
        if (pads <= 0) {
            return str;
        }
        str = leftPad(str, strLen + pads / 2, padChar);
        return rightPad(str, size, padChar);
    }

    /**
     * Centers a String in a larger String of size {@code size}. Uses a supplied String as the value to pad the String with.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the size is less than the String length, the String is returned. A {@code null} String returns {@code null}. A negative size is treated as zero.
     * If the requested padding length on either side would split a Unicode surrogate pair in {@code padStr}, the padding is shortened by one {@code char}
     * (via delegation to {@link #leftPad(String, int, String)} and {@link #rightPad(String, int, String)}) to avoid introducing an unpaired
     * surrogate by splitting the pair. In that case, the returned String may be shorter than {@code size}, but by no more than one {@code char}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.center(null, *, *)     = null
     * StringUtils.center("", 4, " ")     = "    "
     * StringUtils.center("ab", -1, " ")  = "ab"
     * StringUtils.center("ab", 4, " ")   = " ab "
     * StringUtils.center("abcd", 2, " ") = "abcd"
     * StringUtils.center("a", 4, " ")    = " a  "
     * StringUtils.center("a", 4, "yz")   = "yayz"
     * StringUtils.center("abc", 7, null) = "  abc  "
     * StringUtils.center("abc", 7, "")   = "  abc  "
     * StringUtils.center("a", 2, "\uD83D\uDE00")   = "a"
     * StringUtils.center("a", 3, "\uD83D\uDE00")   = "a\uD83D\uDE00"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The String to center, may be null.
     * @param size   The int size of new String, negative treated as zero.
     * @param padStr The String to pad the new String with, must not be null or empty.
     * @return centered String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if padStr is {@code null} or empty.
     */
    public static String center(String str, final int size, String padStr) {
        if (str == null || size <= 0) {
            return str;
        }
        if (isEmpty(padStr)) {
            padStr = SPACE;
        }
        final int strLen = str.length();
        final int pads = size - strLen;
        if (pads <= 0) {
            return str;
        }
        str = leftPad(str, strLen + pads / 2, padStr);
        return rightPad(str, size, padStr);
    }

    private static void checkFromToIndex(final int startIndex, final int endIndex, final int length) {
        if (startIndex < 0) {
            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(startIndex);
        }
        if (endIndex > length) {
            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Removes one newline from end of a String if it's there, otherwise leave it alone. A newline is &quot;{@code \n}&quot;, &quot;{@code \r}&quot;, or
     * &quot;{@code \r\n}&quot;.
     *
     * <p>
     * NOTE: This method changed in 2.0. It now more closely matches Perl chomp.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.chomp(null)          = null
     * StringUtils.chomp("")            = ""
     * StringUtils.chomp("abc \r")      = "abc "
     * StringUtils.chomp("abc\n")       = "abc"
     * StringUtils.chomp("abc\r\n")     = "abc"
     * StringUtils.chomp("abc\r\n\r\n") = "abc\r\n"
     * StringUtils.chomp("abc\n\r")     = "abc\n"
     * StringUtils.chomp("abc\n\rabc")  = "abc\n\rabc"
     * StringUtils.chomp("\r")          = ""
     * StringUtils.chomp("\n")          = ""
     * StringUtils.chomp("\r\n")        = ""
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to chomp a newline from, may be null.
     * @return String without newline, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String chomp(final String str) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        if (str.length() == 1) {
            final char ch = str.charAt(0);
            if (ch == CharUtils.CR || ch == CharUtils.LF) {
                return EMPTY;
            }
            return str;
        }
        int lastIdx = str.length() - 1;
        final char last = str.charAt(lastIdx);
        if (last == CharUtils.LF) {
            if (str.charAt(lastIdx - 1) == CharUtils.CR) {
                lastIdx--;
            }
        } else if (last != CharUtils.CR) {
            lastIdx++;
        }
        return str.substring(0, lastIdx);
    }

    /**
     * Removes {@code separator} from the end of {@code str} if it's there, otherwise leave it alone.
     *
     * <p>
     * NOTE: This method changed in version 2.0. It now more closely matches Perl chomp. For the previous behavior, use
     * {@link #substringBeforeLast(String, String)}. This method uses {@link String#endsWith(String)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.chomp(null, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.chomp("", *)           = ""
     * StringUtils.chomp("foobar", "bar") = "foo"
     * StringUtils.chomp("foobar", "baz") = "foobar"
     * StringUtils.chomp("foo", "foo")    = ""
     * StringUtils.chomp("foo ", "foo")   = "foo "
     * StringUtils.chomp(" foo", "foo")   = " "
     * StringUtils.chomp("foo", "foooo")  = "foo"
     * StringUtils.chomp("foo", "")       = "foo"
     * StringUtils.chomp("foo", null)     = "foo"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to chomp from, may be null.
     * @param separator separator String, may be null.
     * @return String without trailing separator, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @deprecated This feature will be removed in Lang 4, use {@link StringUtils#removeEnd(String, String)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String chomp(final String str, final String separator) {
        return Strings.CS.removeEnd(str, separator);
    }

    /**
     * Removes the last character from a String.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the String ends in {@code \r\n}, then remove both of them.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.chop(null)          = null
     * StringUtils.chop("")            = ""
     * StringUtils.chop("abc \r")      = "abc "
     * StringUtils.chop("abc\n")       = "abc"
     * StringUtils.chop("abc\r\n")     = "abc"
     * StringUtils.chop("abc")         = "ab"
     * StringUtils.chop("abc\nabc")    = "abc\nab"
     * StringUtils.chop("a")           = ""
     * StringUtils.chop("\r")          = ""
     * StringUtils.chop("\n")          = ""
     * StringUtils.chop("\r\n")        = ""
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to chop last character from, may be null.
     * @return String without last character, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String chop(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final int strLen = str.length();
        if (strLen < 2) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final int lastIdx = strLen - 1;
        // keep the cut off the middle of a surrogate pair so the result is never left holding a lone surrogate
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, lastIdx)) {
            return str.substring(0, lastIdx - 1);
        }
        final String ret = str.substring(0, lastIdx);
        final char last = str.charAt(lastIdx);
        if (last == CharUtils.LF && ret.charAt(lastIdx - 1) == CharUtils.CR) {
            return ret.substring(0, lastIdx - 1);
        }
        return ret;
    }

    /**
     * Compares two Strings lexicographically, as per {@link String#compareTo(String)}, returning :
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code int = 0}, if {@code str1} is equal to {@code str2} (or both {@code null})</li>
     * <li>{@code int < 0}, if {@code str1} is less than {@code str2}</li>
     * <li>{@code int > 0}, if {@code str1} is greater than {@code str2}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * This is a {@code null} safe version of:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * str1.compareTo(str2)
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} value is considered less than non-{@code null} value. Two {@code null} references are considered equal.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.compare(null, null)   = 0
     * StringUtils.compare(null , "a")   < 0
     * StringUtils.compare("a", null)   > 0
     * StringUtils.compare("abc", "abc") = 0
     * StringUtils.compare("a", "b")     < 0
     * StringUtils.compare("b", "a")     > 0
     * StringUtils.compare("a", "B")     > 0
     * StringUtils.compare("ab", "abc")  < 0
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param str1 The String to compare from.
     * @param str2 The String to compare to.
     * @return &lt; 0, 0, &gt; 0, if {@code str1} is respectively less, equal or greater than {@code str2}.
     * @see #compare(String, String, boolean)
     * @see String#compareTo(String)
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#compare(String, String) Strings.CS.compare(String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int compare(final String str1, final String str2) {
        return Strings.CS.compare(str1, str2);
    }

    /**
     * Compares two Strings lexicographically, as per {@link String#compareTo(String)}, returning :
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code int = 0}, if {@code str1} is equal to {@code str2} (or both {@code null})</li>
     * <li>{@code int < 0}, if {@code str1} is less than {@code str2}</li>
     * <li>{@code int > 0}, if {@code str1} is greater than {@code str2}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * This is a {@code null} safe version of :
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * str1.compareTo(str2)
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} inputs are handled according to the {@code nullIsLess} parameter. Two {@code null} references are considered equal.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.compare(null, null, *)     = 0
     * StringUtils.compare(null , "a", true)  < 0
     * StringUtils.compare(null , "a", false) > 0
     * StringUtils.compare("a", null, true)   > 0
     * StringUtils.compare("a", null, false)  < 0
     * StringUtils.compare("abc", "abc", *)   = 0
     * StringUtils.compare("a", "b", *)       < 0
     * StringUtils.compare("b", "a", *)       > 0
     * StringUtils.compare("a", "B", *)       > 0
     * StringUtils.compare("ab", "abc", *)    < 0
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param str1       The String to compare from.
     * @param str2       The String to compare to.
     * @param nullIsLess whether consider {@code null} value less than non-{@code null} value.
     * @return &lt; 0, 0, &gt; 0, if {@code str1} is respectively less, equal ou greater than {@code str2}.
     * @see String#compareTo(String)
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static int compare(final String str1, final String str2, final boolean nullIsLess) {
        if (str1 == str2) { // NOSONARLINT this intentionally uses == to allow for both null
            return 0;
        }
        if (str1 == null) {
            return nullIsLess ? -1 : 1;
        }
        if (str2 == null) {
            return nullIsLess ? 1 : -1;
        }
        return str1.compareTo(str2);
    }

    /**
     * Compares two Strings lexicographically, ignoring case differences, as per {@link String#compareToIgnoreCase(String)}, returning :
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code int = 0}, if {@code str1} is equal to {@code str2} (or both {@code null})</li>
     * <li>{@code int < 0}, if {@code str1} is less than {@code str2}</li>
     * <li>{@code int > 0}, if {@code str1} is greater than {@code str2}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * This is a {@code null} safe version of:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * str1.compareToIgnoreCase(str2)
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} value is considered less than non-{@code null} value. Two {@code null} references are considered equal. Comparison is case insensitive.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase(null, null)   = 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase(null , "a")   < 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("a", null)    > 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("abc", "abc") = 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("abc", "ABC") = 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("a", "b")     < 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("b", "a")     > 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("a", "B")     < 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("A", "b")     < 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("ab", "ABC")  < 0
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param str1 The String to compare from.
     * @param str2 The String to compare to.
     * @return &lt; 0, 0, &gt; 0, if {@code str1} is respectively less, equal ou greater than {@code str2}, ignoring case differences.
     * @see #compareIgnoreCase(String, String, boolean)
     * @see String#compareToIgnoreCase(String)
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#compare(String, String) Strings.CI.compare(String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int compareIgnoreCase(final String str1, final String str2) {
        return Strings.CI.compare(str1, str2);
    }

    /**
     * Compares two Strings lexicographically, ignoring case differences, as per {@link String#compareToIgnoreCase(String)}, returning :
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code int = 0}, if {@code str1} is equal to {@code str2} (or both {@code null})</li>
     * <li>{@code int < 0}, if {@code str1} is less than {@code str2}</li>
     * <li>{@code int > 0}, if {@code str1} is greater than {@code str2}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * This is a {@code null} safe version of :
     * </p>
     * <pre>
     * str1.compareToIgnoreCase(str2)
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} inputs are handled according to the {@code nullIsLess} parameter. Two {@code null} references are considered equal. Comparison is case
     * insensitive.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase(null, null, *)     = 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase(null , "a", true)  < 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase(null , "a", false) > 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("a", null, true)   > 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("a", null, false)  < 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("abc", "abc", *)   = 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("abc", "ABC", *)   = 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("a", "b", *)       < 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("b", "a", *)       > 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("a", "B", *)       < 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("A", "b", *)       < 0
     * StringUtils.compareIgnoreCase("ab", "abc", *)    < 0
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param str1       The String to compare from.
     * @param str2       The String to compare to.
     * @param nullIsLess whether consider {@code null} value less than non-{@code null} value.
     * @return &lt; 0, 0, &gt; 0, if {@code str1} is respectively less, equal ou greater than {@code str2}, ignoring case differences.
     * @see String#compareToIgnoreCase(String)
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static int compareIgnoreCase(final String str1, final String str2, final boolean nullIsLess) {
        if (str1 == str2) { // NOSONARLINT this intentionally uses == to allow for both null
            return 0;
        }
        if (str1 == null) {
            return nullIsLess ? -1 : 1;
        }
        if (str2 == null) {
            return nullIsLess ? 1 : -1;
        }
        return str1.compareToIgnoreCase(str2);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if CharSequence contains a search CharSequence, handling {@code null}.
     * This method uses {@link String#indexOf(String)} if possible.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.contains(null, *)     = false
     * StringUtils.contains(*, null)     = false
     * StringUtils.contains("", "")      = true
     * StringUtils.contains("abc", "")   = true
     * StringUtils.contains("abc", "a")  = true
     * StringUtils.contains("abc", "z")  = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq  The CharSequence to check, may be null
     * @param searchSeq  The CharSequence to find, may be null
     * @return true if the CharSequence contains the search CharSequence,
     *  false if not or {@code null} string input
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from contains(String, String) to contains(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#contains(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CS.contains(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean contains(final CharSequence seq, final CharSequence searchSeq) {
        return Strings.CS.contains(seq, searchSeq);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if CharSequence contains a search character, handling {@code null}. This method uses {@link String#indexOf(int)} if possible.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} or empty ("") CharSequence will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.contains(null, *)    = false
     * StringUtils.contains("", *)      = false
     * StringUtils.contains("abc", 'a') = true
     * StringUtils.contains("abc", 'z') = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq        The CharSequence to check, may be null
     * @param searchChar The character to find
     * @return true if the CharSequence contains the search character, false if not or {@code null} string input
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from contains(String, int) to contains(CharSequence, int)
     */
    public static boolean contains(final CharSequence seq, final int searchChar) {
        if (isEmpty(seq)) {
            return false;
        }
        return CharSequenceUtils.indexOf(seq, searchChar, 0) >= 0;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains any character in the given set of characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code false}. A {@code null} or zero length search array will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.containsAny(null, *)                  = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny("", *)                    = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny(*, null)                  = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny(*, [])                    = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", 'z', 'a')   = true
     * StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", 'b', 'y')   = true
     * StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", 'z', 'y')   = true
     * StringUtils.containsAny("aba", 'z])               = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs          The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChars The chars to search for, may be null.
     * @return The {@code true} if any of the chars are found, {@code false} if no match or null input.
     * @since 2.4
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from containsAny(String, char[]) to containsAny(CharSequence, char...)
     */
    public static boolean containsAny(final CharSequence cs, final char... searchChars) {
        if (isEmpty(cs) || ArrayUtils.isEmpty(searchChars)) {
            return false;
        }
        final int csLength = cs.length();
        final int searchLength = searchChars.length;
        final int csLast = csLength - 1;
        final int searchLast = searchLength - 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < csLength; i++) {
            final char ch = cs.charAt(i);
            for (int j = 0; j < searchLength; j++) {
                if (searchChars[j] == ch) {
                    if (Character.isHighSurrogate(ch)
                            ? j == searchLast || i < csLast && searchChars[j + 1] == cs.charAt(i + 1)
                            : j == 0 || !Character.isLowSurrogate(ch) || !Character.isHighSurrogate(searchChars[j - 1]) || i > 0 && searchChars[j - 1] == cs.charAt(i - 1)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains any character in the given set of characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code false}. A {@code null} search CharSequence will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.containsAny(null, *)               = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny("", *)                 = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny(*, null)               = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny(*, "")                 = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", "za")    = true
     * StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", "by")    = true
     * StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", "zy")    = true
     * StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", "\tx")   = true
     * StringUtils.containsAny("zzabyycdxx", "$.#yF") = true
     * StringUtils.containsAny("aba", "z")            = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs          The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChars The chars to search for, may be null.
     * @return The {@code true} if any of the chars are found, {@code false} if no match or null input.
     * @since 2.4
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from containsAny(String, String) to containsAny(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean containsAny(final CharSequence cs, final CharSequence searchChars) {
        if (searchChars == null) {
            return false;
        }
        return containsAny(cs, CharSequenceUtils.toCharArray(searchChars));
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains any of the CharSequences in the given array.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} {@code cs} CharSequence will return {@code false}. A {@code null} or zero length search array will
     * return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.containsAny(null, *)            = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny("", *)              = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny(*, null)            = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny(*, [])              = false
     * StringUtils.containsAny("abcd", "ab", null) = true
     * StringUtils.containsAny("abcd", "ab", "cd") = true
     * StringUtils.containsAny("abc", "d", "abc")  = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchCharSequences The array of CharSequences to search for, may be null. Individual CharSequences may be
     *        null as well.
     * @return {@code true} if any of the search CharSequences are found, {@code false} otherwise.
     * @since 3.4
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#containsAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...) Strings.CS.containsAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean containsAny(final CharSequence cs, final CharSequence... searchCharSequences) {
        return Strings.CS.containsAny(cs, searchCharSequences);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains any of the CharSequences in the given array, ignoring case.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} {@code cs} CharSequence will return {@code false}. A {@code null} or zero length search array will
     * return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.containsAnyIgnoreCase(null, *)            = false
     * StringUtils.containsAnyIgnoreCase("", *)              = false
     * StringUtils.containsAnyIgnoreCase(*, null)            = false
     * StringUtils.containsAnyIgnoreCase(*, [])              = false
     * StringUtils.containsAnyIgnoreCase("abcd", "ab", null) = true
     * StringUtils.containsAnyIgnoreCase("abcd", "ab", "cd") = true
     * StringUtils.containsAnyIgnoreCase("abc", "d", "abc")  = true
     * StringUtils.containsAnyIgnoreCase("abc", "D", "ABC")  = true
     * StringUtils.containsAnyIgnoreCase("ABC", "d", "abc")  = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchCharSequences The array of CharSequences to search for, may be null. Individual CharSequences may be
     *        null as well.
     * @return {@code true} if any of the search CharSequences are found, {@code false} otherwise
     * @since 3.12.0
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#containsAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...) Strings.CI.containsAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean containsAnyIgnoreCase(final CharSequence cs, final CharSequence... searchCharSequences) {
        return Strings.CI.containsAny(cs, searchCharSequences);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if CharSequence contains a search CharSequence irrespective of case, handling {@code null}. Case-insensitivity is defined as by
     * {@link String#equalsIgnoreCase(String)}.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(null, *)    = false
     * StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(*, null)    = false
     * StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase("", "")     = true
     * StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase("abc", "")  = true
     * StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase("abc", "a") = true
     * StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase("abc", "z") = false
     * StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase("abc", "A") = true
     * StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase("abc", "Z") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStr The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @return true if the CharSequence contains the search CharSequence irrespective of case or false if not or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from containsIgnoreCase(String, String) to containsIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence).
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#contains(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CI.contains(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean containsIgnoreCase(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence searchStr) {
        return Strings.CI.contains(str, searchStr);
    }

    /**
     * Tests that the CharSequence does not contain certain characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code true}. A {@code null} invalid character array will return {@code true}. An empty CharSequence (length()=0)
     * always returns true.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.containsNone(null, *)               = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone(*, null)               = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone("", *)                 = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone("ab", '')              = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone("abab", 'x', 'y', 'z') = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone("ab1", 'x', 'y', 'z')  = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone("abz", 'x', 'y', 'z')  = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs          The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChars An array of invalid chars, may be null.
     * @return true if it contains none of the invalid chars, or is null.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from containsNone(String, char[]) to containsNone(CharSequence, char...)
     */
    public static boolean containsNone(final CharSequence cs, final char... searchChars) {
        if (cs == null || searchChars == null) {
            return true;
        }
        final int csLen = cs.length();
        final int csLast = csLen - 1;
        final int searchLen = searchChars.length;
        final int searchLast = searchLen - 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < csLen; i++) {
            final char ch = cs.charAt(i);
            for (int j = 0; j < searchLen; j++) {
                if (searchChars[j] == ch) {
                    if (Character.isHighSurrogate(ch)
                            ? j == searchLast || i < csLast && searchChars[j + 1] == cs.charAt(i + 1)
                            : j == 0 || !Character.isLowSurrogate(ch) || !Character.isHighSurrogate(searchChars[j - 1]) || i > 0 && searchChars[j - 1] == cs.charAt(i - 1)) {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests that the CharSequence does not contain certain characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code true}. A {@code null} invalid character array will return {@code true}. An empty String ("") always
     * returns true.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.containsNone(null, *)       = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone(*, null)       = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone("", *)         = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone("ab", "")      = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone("abab", "xyz") = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone("ab1", "xyz")  = true
     * StringUtils.containsNone("abz", "xyz")  = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs           The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param invalidChars A String of invalid chars, may be null.
     * @return true if it contains none of the invalid chars, or is null.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from containsNone(String, String) to containsNone(CharSequence, String)
     */
    public static boolean containsNone(final CharSequence cs, final String invalidChars) {
        if (invalidChars == null) {
            return true;
        }
        return containsNone(cs, invalidChars.toCharArray());
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only certain characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code false}. A {@code null} valid character array will return {@code false}. An empty CharSequence (length()=0)
     * always returns {@code true}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.containsOnly(null, *)               = false
     * StringUtils.containsOnly(*, null)               = false
     * StringUtils.containsOnly("", *)                 = true
     * StringUtils.containsOnly("ab", '')              = false
     * StringUtils.containsOnly("abab", 'a', 'b', 'c') = true
     * StringUtils.containsOnly("ab1", 'a', 'b', 'c')  = false
     * StringUtils.containsOnly("abz", 'a', 'b', 'c')  = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs    The String to check, may be null.
     * @param valid An array of valid chars, may be null.
     * @return true if it only contains valid chars and is non-null.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from containsOnly(String, char[]) to containsOnly(CharSequence, char...)
     */
    public static boolean containsOnly(final CharSequence cs, final char... valid) {
        // All these pre-checks are to maintain API with an older version
        if (valid == null || cs == null) {
            return false;
        }
        if (isEmpty(cs)) {
            return true;
        }
        if (valid.length == 0) {
            return false;
        }
        return indexOfAnyBut(cs, valid) == INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only certain characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code false}. A {@code null} valid character String will return {@code false}. An empty String (length()=0)
     * always returns {@code true}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.containsOnly(null, *)       = false
     * StringUtils.containsOnly(*, null)       = false
     * StringUtils.containsOnly("", *)         = true
     * StringUtils.containsOnly("ab", "")      = false
     * StringUtils.containsOnly("abab", "abc") = true
     * StringUtils.containsOnly("ab1", "abc")  = false
     * StringUtils.containsOnly("abz", "abc")  = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs         The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param validChars A String of valid chars, may be null.
     * @return true if it only contains valid chars and is non-null.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from containsOnly(String, String) to containsOnly(CharSequence, String)
     */
    public static boolean containsOnly(final CharSequence cs, final String validChars) {
        if (cs == null || validChars == null) {
            return false;
        }
        return containsOnly(cs, validChars.toCharArray());
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the given CharSequence contains any whitespace characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.containsWhitespace(null)       = false
     * StringUtils.containsWhitespace("")         = false
     * StringUtils.containsWhitespace("ab")       = false
     * StringUtils.containsWhitespace(" ab")      = true
     * StringUtils.containsWhitespace("a b")      = true
     * StringUtils.containsWhitespace("ab ")      = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq The CharSequence to check (may be {@code null}).
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequence is not empty and contains at least 1 (breaking) whitespace character.
     * @since 3.0
     */
    public static boolean containsWhitespace(final CharSequence seq) {
        if (isEmpty(seq)) {
            return false;
        }
        final int strLen = seq.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < strLen; i++) {
            if (Character.isWhitespace(seq.charAt(i))) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    private static void convertRemainingAccentCharacters(final StringBuilder decomposed) {
        for (int i = 0; i < decomposed.length(); i++) {
            final char charAt = decomposed.charAt(i);
            switch (charAt) {
            case '\u0141':
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'L');
                break;
            case '\u0142':
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'l');
                break;
            // D with stroke
            case '\u0110':
                // LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'D');
                break;
            case '\u0111':
                // LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'd');
                break;
            // I with bar
            case '\u0197':
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'I');
                break;
            case '\u0268':
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'i');
                break;
            case '\u1D7B':
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'I');
                break;
            case '\u1DA4':
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'i');
                break;
            case '\u1DA7':
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'I');
                break;
            // U with bar
            case '\u0244':
                // LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U BAR
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'U');
                break;
            case '\u0289':
                // LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'u');
                break;
            case '\u1D7E':
                // LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER U WITH STROKE
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'U');
                break;
            case '\u1DB6':
                // MODIFIER LETTER SMALL U BAR
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'u');
                break;
            // T with stroke
            case '\u0166':
                // LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH STROKE
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 'T');
                break;
            case '\u0167':
                // LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH STROKE
                decomposed.setCharAt(i, 't');
                break;
            default:
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Counts how many times the char appears in the given string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} or empty ("") String input returns {@code 0}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.countMatches(null, *)      = 0
     * StringUtils.countMatches("", *)        = 0
     * StringUtils.countMatches("abba", '\0') = 0
     * StringUtils.countMatches("abba", 'a')  = 2
     * StringUtils.countMatches("abba", 'b')  = 2
     * StringUtils.countMatches("abba", 'x')  = 0
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param ch  The char to count.
     * @return The number of occurrences, 0 if the CharSequence is {@code null}.
     * @since 3.4
     */
    public static int countMatches(final CharSequence str, final char ch) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return 0;
        }
        int count = 0;
        // We could also call str.toCharArray() for faster lookups but that would generate more garbage.
        for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
            if (ch == str.charAt(i)) {
                count++;
            }
        }
        return count;
    }

    /**
     * Counts how many times the substring appears in the larger string. Note that the code only counts non-overlapping matches.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} or empty ("") String input returns {@code 0}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.countMatches(null, *)        = 0
     * StringUtils.countMatches("", *)          = 0
     * StringUtils.countMatches("abba", null)   = 0
     * StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "")     = 0
     * StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "a")    = 2
     * StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "ab")   = 1
     * StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "xxx")  = 0
     * StringUtils.countMatches("ababa", "aba") = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param sub The substring to count, may be null.
     * @return The number of occurrences, 0 if either CharSequence is {@code null}.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from countMatches(String, String) to countMatches(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     */
    public static int countMatches(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence sub) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || isEmpty(sub)) {
            return 0;
        }
        int count = 0;
        int idx = 0;
        while ((idx = CharSequenceUtils.indexOf(str, sub, idx)) != INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
            count++;
            idx += sub.length();
        }
        return count;
    }

    /**
     * Returns either the passed in CharSequence, or if the CharSequence is {@link #isBlank(CharSequence) blank} (whitespaces, empty ({@code ""}), or
     * {@code null}), the value of {@code defaultStr}.
     *
     * <p>
     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.defaultIfBlank(null, "NULL")  = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.defaultIfBlank("", "NULL")    = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.defaultIfBlank(" ", "NULL")   = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.defaultIfBlank("bat", "NULL") = "bat"
     * StringUtils.defaultIfBlank("", null)      = null
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <T>        the specific kind of CharSequence.
     * @param str        The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param defaultStr The default CharSequence to return if {@code str} is {@link #isBlank(CharSequence) blank} (whitespaces, empty ({@code ""}), or
     *                   {@code null}); may be null.
     * @return The passed in CharSequence, or the default.
     * @see StringUtils#defaultString(String, String)
     * @see #isBlank(CharSequence)
     */
    public static <T extends CharSequence> T defaultIfBlank(final T str, final T defaultStr) {
        return isBlank(str) ? defaultStr : str;
    }

    /**
     * Returns either the passed in CharSequence, or if the CharSequence is empty or {@code null}, the value of {@code defaultStr}.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty(null, "NULL")  = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty("", "NULL")    = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty(" ", "NULL")   = " "
     * StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty("bat", "NULL") = "bat"
     * StringUtils.defaultIfEmpty("", null)      = null
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <T>        the specific kind of CharSequence.
     * @param str        The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param defaultStr The default CharSequence to return if the input is empty ("") or {@code null}, may be null.
     * @return The passed in CharSequence, or the default.
     * @see StringUtils#defaultString(String, String)
     */
    public static <T extends CharSequence> T defaultIfEmpty(final T str, final T defaultStr) {
        return isEmpty(str) ? defaultStr : str;
    }

    /**
     * Returns either the passed in String, or if the String is {@code null}, an empty String ("").
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.defaultString(null)  = ""
     * StringUtils.defaultString("")    = ""
     * StringUtils.defaultString("bat") = "bat"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to check, may be null.
     * @return The passed in String, or the empty String if it was {@code null}.
     * @see Objects#toString(Object, String)
     * @see String#valueOf(Object)
     */
    public static String defaultString(final String str) {
        return Objects.toString(str, EMPTY);
    }

    /**
     * Returns either the given String, or if the String is {@code null}, {@code nullDefault}.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.defaultString(null, "NULL")  = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.defaultString("", "NULL")    = ""
     * StringUtils.defaultString("bat", "NULL") = "bat"
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * Since this is now provided by Java, instead call {@link Objects#toString(Object, String)}:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * Objects.toString(null, "NULL")  = "NULL"
     * Objects.toString("", "NULL")    = ""
     * Objects.toString("bat", "NULL") = "bat"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str         The String to check, may be null.
     * @param nullDefault The default String to return if the input is {@code null}, may be null.
     * @return The passed in String, or the default if it was {@code null}.
     * @see Objects#toString(Object, String)
     * @see String#valueOf(Object)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Objects#toString(Object, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String defaultString(final String str, final String nullDefault) {
        return Objects.toString(str, nullDefault);
    }

    /**
     * Deletes all whitespaces from a String as defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.deleteWhitespace(null)         = null
     * StringUtils.deleteWhitespace("")           = ""
     * StringUtils.deleteWhitespace("abc")        = "abc"
     * StringUtils.deleteWhitespace("   ab  c  ") = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to delete whitespace from, may be null.
     * @return The String without whitespaces, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String deleteWhitespace(final String str) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        final int sz = str.length();
        final char[] chs = new char[sz];
        int count = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
            if (!Character.isWhitespace(str.charAt(i))) {
                chs[count++] = str.charAt(i);
            }
        }
        if (count == sz) {
            return str;
        }
        if (count == 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return new String(chs, 0, count);
    }

    /**
     * Compares two Strings, and returns the portion where they differ. More precisely, return the remainder of the second String, starting from where it's
     * different from the first. This means that the difference between "abc" and "ab" is the empty String and not "c".
     *
     * <p>
     * For example, {@code difference("i am a machine", "i am a robot") -> "robot"}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.difference(null, null)       = null
     * StringUtils.difference("", "")           = ""
     * StringUtils.difference("", "abc")        = "abc"
     * StringUtils.difference("abc", "")        = ""
     * StringUtils.difference("abc", "abc")     = ""
     * StringUtils.difference("abc", "ab")      = ""
     * StringUtils.difference("ab", "abxyz")    = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.difference("abcde", "abxyz") = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.difference("abcde", "xyz")   = "xyz"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str1 The first String, may be null.
     * @param str2 The second String, may be null.
     * @return The portion of str2 where it differs from str1; returns the empty String if they are equal.
     * @see #indexOfDifference(CharSequence,CharSequence)
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String difference(final String str1, final String str2) {
        if (str1 == null) {
            return str2;
        }
        if (str2 == null) {
            return str1;
        }
        final int at = indexOfDifference(str1, str2);
        if (at == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return str2.substring(at);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if a CharSequence ends with a specified suffix.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null}s are handled without exceptions. Two {@code null} references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case-sensitive.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.endsWith(null, null)      = true
     * StringUtils.endsWith(null, "def")     = false
     * StringUtils.endsWith("abcdef", null)  = false
     * StringUtils.endsWith("abcdef", "def") = true
     * StringUtils.endsWith("ABCDEF", "def") = false
     * StringUtils.endsWith("ABCDEF", "cde") = false
     * StringUtils.endsWith("ABCDEF", "")    = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param suffix The suffix to find, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequence ends with the suffix, case-sensitive, or both {@code null}.
     * @see String#endsWith(String)
     * @since 2.4
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from endsWith(String, String) to endsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#endsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CS.endsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean endsWith(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence suffix) {
        return Strings.CS.endsWith(str, suffix);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if a CharSequence ends with any of the provided case-sensitive suffixes.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.endsWithAny(null, null)                  = false
     * StringUtils.endsWithAny(null, new String[] {"abc"})  = false
     * StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", null)              = false
     * StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {""}) = true
     * StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {"xyz"}) = true
     * StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {null, "xyz", "abc"}) = true
     * StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcXYZ", "def", "XYZ")      = true
     * StringUtils.endsWithAny("abcXYZ", "def", "xyz")      = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param sequence      The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStrings The case-sensitive CharSequences to find, may be empty or contain {@code null}.
     * @return {@code true} if the input {@code sequence} is {@code null} AND no {@code searchStrings} are provided, or the input {@code sequence} ends in any
     *         of the provided case-sensitive {@code searchStrings}.
     * @see StringUtils#endsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @since 3.0
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#endsWithAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...) Strings.CS.endsWithAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean endsWithAny(final CharSequence sequence, final CharSequence... searchStrings) {
        return Strings.CS.endsWithAny(sequence, searchStrings);
    }

    /**
     * Case-insensitive check if a CharSequence ends with a specified suffix.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null}s are handled without exceptions. Two {@code null} references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case insensitive.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase(null, null)      = true
     * StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase(null, "def")     = false
     * StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", null)  = false
     * StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", "def") = true
     * StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("ABCDEF", "def") = true
     * StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase("ABCDEF", "cde") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The CharSequence to check, may be null
     * @param suffix The suffix to find, may be null
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequence ends with the suffix, case-insensitive, or both {@code null}
     * @see String#endsWith(String)
     * @since 2.4
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from endsWithIgnoreCase(String, String) to endsWithIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#endsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CI.endsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean endsWithIgnoreCase(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence suffix) {
        return Strings.CI.endsWith(str, suffix);
    }

    /**
     * Compares two CharSequences, returning {@code true} if they represent equal sequences of characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null}s are handled without exceptions. Two {@code null} references are considered to be equal. The comparison is <strong>case-sensitive</strong>.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.equals(null, null)   = true
     * StringUtils.equals(null, "abc")  = false
     * StringUtils.equals("abc", null)  = false
     * StringUtils.equals("abc", "abc") = true
     * StringUtils.equals("abc", "ABC") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs1 The first CharSequence, may be {@code null}.
     * @param cs2 The second CharSequence, may be {@code null}.
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequences are equal (case-sensitive), or both {@code null}.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from equals(String, String) to equals(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @see Object#equals(Object)
     * @see #equalsIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#equals(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CS.equals(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean equals(final CharSequence cs1, final CharSequence cs2) {
        return Strings.CS.equals(cs1, cs2);
    }

    /**
     * Compares given {@code string} to a CharSequences vararg of {@code searchStrings}, returning {@code true} if the {@code string} is equal to any of the
     * {@code searchStrings}.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.equalsAny(null, (CharSequence[]) null) = false
     * StringUtils.equalsAny(null, null, null)    = true
     * StringUtils.equalsAny(null, "abc", "def")  = false
     * StringUtils.equalsAny("abc", null, "def")  = false
     * StringUtils.equalsAny("abc", "abc", "def") = true
     * StringUtils.equalsAny("abc", "ABC", "DEF") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param string        to compare, may be {@code null}.
     * @param searchStrings A vararg of strings, may be {@code null}.
     * @return {@code true} if the string is equal (case-sensitive) to any other element of {@code searchStrings}; {@code false} if {@code searchStrings} is
     *         null or contains no matches.
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#equalsAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...) Strings.CS.equalsAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean equalsAny(final CharSequence string, final CharSequence... searchStrings) {
        return Strings.CS.equalsAny(string, searchStrings);
    }

    /**
     * Compares given {@code string} to a CharSequences vararg of {@code searchStrings},
     * returning {@code true} if the {@code string} is equal to any of the {@code searchStrings}, ignoring case.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.equalsAnyIgnoreCase(null, (CharSequence[]) null) = false
     * StringUtils.equalsAnyIgnoreCase(null, null, null)    = true
     * StringUtils.equalsAnyIgnoreCase(null, "abc", "def")  = false
     * StringUtils.equalsAnyIgnoreCase("abc", null, "def")  = false
     * StringUtils.equalsAnyIgnoreCase("abc", "abc", "def") = true
     * StringUtils.equalsAnyIgnoreCase("abc", "ABC", "DEF") = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param string to compare, may be {@code null}.
     * @param searchStrings A vararg of strings, may be {@code null}.
     * @return {@code true} if the string is equal (case-insensitive) to any other element of {@code searchStrings};
     * {@code false} if {@code searchStrings} is null or contains no matches.
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#equalsAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...) Strings.CI.equalsAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean equalsAnyIgnoreCase(final CharSequence string, final CharSequence... searchStrings) {
        return Strings.CI.equalsAny(string, searchStrings);
    }

    /**
     * Compares two CharSequences, returning {@code true} if they represent equal sequences of characters, ignoring case.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null}s are handled without exceptions. Two {@code null} references are considered equal. The comparison is <strong>case insensitive</strong>.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase(null, null)   = true
     * StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase(null, "abc")  = false
     * StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("abc", null)  = false
     * StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("abc", "abc") = true
     * StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("abc", "ABC") = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs1 The first CharSequence, may be {@code null}.
     * @param cs2 The second CharSequence, may be {@code null}.
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequences are equal (case-insensitive), or both {@code null}.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from equalsIgnoreCase(String, String) to equalsIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @see #equals(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#equals(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CI.equals(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean equalsIgnoreCase(final CharSequence cs1, final CharSequence cs2) {
        return Strings.CI.equals(cs1, cs2);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the first value in the array which is not empty (""), {@code null} or whitespace only.
     *
     * <p>
     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If all values are blank or the array is {@code null} or empty then {@code null} is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.firstNonBlank(null, null, null)     = null
     * StringUtils.firstNonBlank(null, "", " ")        = null
     * StringUtils.firstNonBlank("abc")                = "abc"
     * StringUtils.firstNonBlank(null, "xyz")          = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.firstNonBlank(null, "", " ", "xyz") = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.firstNonBlank(null, "xyz", "abc")   = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.firstNonBlank()                     = null
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <T>    the specific kind of CharSequence.
     * @param values The values to test, may be {@code null} or empty.
     * @return The first value from {@code values} which is not blank, or {@code null} if there are no non-blank values.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    @SafeVarargs
    public static <T extends CharSequence> T firstNonBlank(final T... values) {
        if (values != null) {
            for (final T val : values) {
                if (isNotBlank(val)) {
                    return val;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the first value in the array which is not empty.
     *
     * <p>
     * If all values are empty or the array is {@code null} or empty then {@code null} is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.firstNonEmpty(null, null, null)   = null
     * StringUtils.firstNonEmpty(null, null, "")     = null
     * StringUtils.firstNonEmpty(null, "", " ")      = " "
     * StringUtils.firstNonEmpty("abc")              = "abc"
     * StringUtils.firstNonEmpty(null, "xyz")        = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.firstNonEmpty("", "xyz")          = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.firstNonEmpty(null, "xyz", "abc") = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.firstNonEmpty()                   = null
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <T>    the specific kind of CharSequence.
     * @param values The values to test, may be {@code null} or empty.
     * @return The first value from {@code values} which is not empty, or {@code null} if there are no non-empty values.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    @SafeVarargs
    public static <T extends CharSequence> T firstNonEmpty(final T... values) {
        if (values != null) {
            for (final T val : values) {
                if (isNotEmpty(val)) {
                    return val;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the bytes of the string using {@link String#getBytes(Charset)}, handling {@code null} safely.
     *
     * @param string input string.
     * @param charset The {@link Charset} to encode the {@link String}. If null, then use the default Charset.
     * @return The empty byte[] if {@code string} is null, the result of {@link String#getBytes(Charset)} otherwise.
     * @see String#getBytes(Charset)
     * @since 3.10
     */
    public static byte[] getBytes(final String string, final Charset charset) {
        return string == null ? ArrayUtils.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY : string.getBytes(Charsets.toCharset(charset));
    }

    /**
     * Gets the bytes of the string using {@link String#getBytes(String)}, handling {@code null} safely.
     *
     * @param string input string.
     * @param charset The {@link Charset} name to encode the {@link String}. If null, then use the default Charset.
     * @return The empty byte[] if {@code string} is null, the result of {@link String#getBytes(String)} otherwise.
     * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException Thrown when the named charset is not supported.
     * @see String#getBytes(String)
     * @since 3.10
     */
    public static byte[] getBytes(final String string, final String charset) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        return string == null ? ArrayUtils.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY : string.getBytes(Charsets.toCharsetName(charset));
    }

    /**
     * Gets the initial sequence of characters common to all strings in the array.
     *
     * <p>
     * For example, {@code getCommonPrefix("i am a machine", "i am a robot") -&gt; "i am a "}
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(null)                             = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {})                  = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc"})             = "abc"
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {null, null})        = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"", ""})            = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"", null})          = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", null, null}) = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {null, null, "abc"}) = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"", "abc"})         = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", ""})         = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", "abc"})      = "abc"
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abc", "a"})        = "a"
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"ab", "abxyz"})     = "ab"
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abcde", "abxyz"})  = "ab"
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"abcde", "xyz"})    = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"xyz", "abcde"})    = ""
     * StringUtils.getCommonPrefix(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) = "i am a "
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param strs array of String objects, entries may be null.
     * @return The initial sequence of characters that are common to all Strings in the array; empty String if the array is null, the elements are all null or
     *         if there is no common prefix.
     * @since 2.4
     */
    public static String getCommonPrefix(final String... strs) {
        if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(strs)) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final int smallestIndexOfDiff = indexOfDifference(strs);
        if (smallestIndexOfDiff == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
            // all strings were identical
            if (strs[0] == null) {
                return EMPTY;
            }
            return strs[0];
        }
        if (smallestIndexOfDiff == 0) {
            // there were no common initial characters
            return EMPTY;
        }
        // we found a common initial character sequence
        return strs[0].substring(0, smallestIndexOfDiff);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the Unicode digits in {@code str}, concatenated in their original order.
     *
     * <p>
     * An empty ("") String will be returned if no digits are found in {@code str}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.getDigits(null)                 = null
     * StringUtils.getDigits("")                   = ""
     * StringUtils.getDigits("abc")                = ""
     * StringUtils.getDigits("1000$")              = "1000"
     * StringUtils.getDigits("1123~45")            = "112345"
     * StringUtils.getDigits("(541) 754-3010")     = "5417543010"
     * StringUtils.getDigits("\u0967\u0968\u0969") = "\u0967\u0968\u0969"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to extract digits from, may be null.
     * @return String with only digits, or an empty ("") String if no digits are found, or {@code null} String if {@code str} is null.
     * @since 3.6
     */
    public static String getDigits(final String str) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        final int len = str.length();
        final char[] buffer = new char[len];
        int count = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < len;) {
            final int codePoint = str.codePointAt(i);
            if (Character.isDigit(codePoint)) {
                count += Character.toChars(codePoint, buffer, count);
            }
            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
        }
        return new String(buffer, 0, count);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the Fuzzy Distance which indicates the similarity score between two Strings.
     *
     * <p>
     * This string matching algorithm is similar to the algorithms of editors such as Sublime Text, TextMate, Atom and others. One point is given for every
     * matched character. Subsequent matches yield two bonus points. A higher score indicates a higher similarity.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.getFuzzyDistance(null, null, null)                                    = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}
     * StringUtils.getFuzzyDistance("", "", Locale.ENGLISH)                              = 0
     * StringUtils.getFuzzyDistance("Workshop", "b", Locale.ENGLISH)                     = 0
     * StringUtils.getFuzzyDistance("Room", "o", Locale.ENGLISH)                         = 1
     * StringUtils.getFuzzyDistance("Workshop", "w", Locale.ENGLISH)                     = 1
     * StringUtils.getFuzzyDistance("Workshop", "ws", Locale.ENGLISH)                    = 2
     * StringUtils.getFuzzyDistance("Workshop", "wo", Locale.ENGLISH)                    = 4
     * StringUtils.getFuzzyDistance("Apache Software Foundation", "asf", Locale.ENGLISH) = 3
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param term   A full term that should be matched against, must not be null.
     * @param query  The query that will be matched against a term, must not be null.
     * @param locale This string matching logic is case-insensitive. A locale is necessary to normalize both Strings to lower case.
     * @return result score.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if either String input {@code null} or Locale input {@code null}.
     * @since 3.4
     * @deprecated As of 3.6, use Apache Commons Text
     *             <a href="https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-text/javadocs/api-release/org/apache/commons/text/similarity/FuzzyScore.html">
     *             FuzzyScore</a> instead.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int getFuzzyDistance(final CharSequence term, final CharSequence query, final Locale locale) {
        if (term == null || query == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Strings must not be null");
        }
        if (locale == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Locale must not be null");
        }
        // fuzzy logic is case-insensitive. We normalize the Strings to lower
        // case right from the start. Turning characters to lower case
        // via Character.toLowerCase(char) is unfortunately insufficient
        // as it does not accept a locale.
        final String termLowerCase = term.toString().toLowerCase(locale);
        final String queryLowerCase = query.toString().toLowerCase(locale);
        // the resulting score
        int score = 0;
        // the position in the term which will be scanned next for potential
        // query character matches
        int termIndex = 0;
        // index of the previously matched character in the term
        int previousMatchingCharacterIndex = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        for (int queryIndex = 0; queryIndex < queryLowerCase.length(); queryIndex++) {
            final char queryChar = queryLowerCase.charAt(queryIndex);
            boolean termCharacterMatchFound = false;
            for (; termIndex < termLowerCase.length() && !termCharacterMatchFound; termIndex++) {
                final char termChar = termLowerCase.charAt(termIndex);
                if (queryChar == termChar) {
                    // simple character matches result in one point
                    score++;
                    // subsequent character matches further improve
                    // the score.
                    if (previousMatchingCharacterIndex + 1 == termIndex) {
                        score += 2;
                    }
                    previousMatchingCharacterIndex = termIndex;
                    // we can leave the nested loop. Every character in the
                    // query can match at most one character in the term.
                    termCharacterMatchFound = true;
                }
            }
        }
        return score;
    }

    /**
     * Gets either the passed in CharSequence, or if the CharSequence is {@link #isBlank(CharSequence) blank} (whitespaces, empty ({@code ""}), or
     * {@code null}), the value supplied by {@code defaultStrSupplier}.
     *
     * <p>
     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * The caller is responsible for thread safety and exception handling for the default value supplier.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * {@code
     * StringUtils.getIfBlank(null, () -> "NULL")   = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.getIfBlank("", () -> "NULL")     = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.getIfBlank(" ", () -> "NULL")    = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.getIfBlank("bat", () -> "NULL")  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.getIfBlank("", () -> null)       = null
     * StringUtils.getIfBlank("", null)             = null
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param <T>             the specific kind of CharSequence.
     * @param str             The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param defaultSupplier The supplier of default CharSequence to return if the input is {@link #isBlank(CharSequence) blank} (whitespaces, empty
     *                        ({@code ""}), or {@code null}); may be null.
     * @return The passed in CharSequence, or the default
     * @see StringUtils#defaultString(String, String)
     * @see #isBlank(CharSequence)
     * @since 3.10
     */
    public static <T extends CharSequence> T getIfBlank(final T str, final Supplier<T> defaultSupplier) {
        return isBlank(str) ? Suppliers.get(defaultSupplier) : str;
    }

    /**
     * Gets either the passed in CharSequence, or if the CharSequence is empty or {@code null}, the value supplied by {@code defaultStrSupplier}.
     *
     * <p>
     * The caller is responsible for thread safety and exception handling for the default value supplier.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * {@code
     * StringUtils.getIfEmpty(null, () -> "NULL")    = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.getIfEmpty("", () -> "NULL")      = "NULL"
     * StringUtils.getIfEmpty(" ", () -> "NULL")     = " "
     * StringUtils.getIfEmpty("bat", () -> "NULL")   = "bat"
     * StringUtils.getIfEmpty("", () -> null)        = null
     * StringUtils.getIfEmpty("", null)              = null
     * }
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <T>             the specific kind of CharSequence.
     * @param str             The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param defaultSupplier The supplier of default CharSequence to return if the input is empty ("") or {@code null}, may be null.
     * @return The passed in CharSequence, or the default.
     * @see StringUtils#defaultString(String, String)
     * @since 3.10
     */
    public static <T extends CharSequence> T getIfEmpty(final T str, final Supplier<T> defaultSupplier) {
        return isEmpty(str) ? Suppliers.get(defaultSupplier) : str;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the Jaro Winkler Distance which indicates the similarity score between two Strings.
     *
     * <p>
     * The Jaro measure is the weighted sum of percentage of matched characters from each file and transposed characters. Winkler increased this measure for
     * matching initial characters.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * This implementation is based on the Jaro Winkler similarity algorithm from
     * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro%E2%80%93Winkler_distance">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro%E2%80%93Winkler_distance</a>.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance(null, null)          = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("", "")              = 0.0
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("", "a")             = 0.0
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("aaapppp", "")       = 0.0
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("frog", "fog")       = 0.93
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("fly", "ant")        = 0.0
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("elephant", "hippo") = 0.44
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("hippo", "elephant") = 0.44
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("hippo", "zzzzzzzz") = 0.0
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("hello", "hallo")    = 0.88
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("ABC Corporation", "ABC Corp") = 0.93
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("D N H Enterprises Inc", "D &amp; H Enterprises, Inc.") = 0.95
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("My Gym Children's Fitness Center", "My Gym. Childrens Fitness") = 0.92
     * StringUtils.getJaroWinklerDistance("PENNSYLVANIA", "PENNCISYLVNIA") = 0.88
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param first  The first String, must not be null.
     * @param second The second String, must not be null.
     * @return result distance.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if either String input {@code null}.
     * @since 3.3
     * @deprecated As of 3.6, use Apache Commons Text
     *             <a href="https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-text/javadocs/api-release/org/apache/commons/text/similarity/JaroWinklerDistance.html">
     *             JaroWinklerDistance</a> instead.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static double getJaroWinklerDistance(final CharSequence first, final CharSequence second) {
        final double DEFAULT_SCALING_FACTOR = 0.1;

        if (first == null || second == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Strings must not be null");
        }

        final int[] mtp = matches(first, second);
        final double m = mtp[0];
        if (m == 0) {
            return 0D;
        }
        final double j = (m / first.length() + m / second.length() + (m - mtp[1]) / m) / 3;
        final double jw = j < 0.7D ? j : j + Math.min(DEFAULT_SCALING_FACTOR, 1D / mtp[3]) * mtp[2] * (1D - j);
        return Math.round(jw * 100.0D) / 100.0D;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the Levenshtein distance between two Strings.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is the number of changes needed to change one String into another, where each change is a single character modification (deletion, insertion or
     * substitution).
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * The implementation uses a single-dimensional array of length s.length() + 1. See
     * <a href="https://blog.softwx.net/2014/12/optimizing-levenshtein-algorithm-in-c.html">
     * https://blog.softwx.net/2014/12/optimizing-levenshtein-algorithm-in-c.html</a> for details.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(null, *)             = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(*, null)             = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("", "")              = 0
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("", "a")             = 1
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("aaapppp", "")       = 7
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("frog", "fog")       = 1
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("fly", "ant")        = 3
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("elephant", "hippo") = 7
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hippo", "elephant") = 7
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hippo", "zzzzzzzz") = 8
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hello", "hallo")    = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param s The first String, must not be null.
     * @param t The second String, must not be null.
     * @return result distance.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if either String input {@code null}.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from getLevenshteinDistance(String, String) to getLevenshteinDistance(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated As of 3.6, use Apache Commons Text
     *             <a href="https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-text/javadocs/api-release/org/apache/commons/text/similarity/LevenshteinDistance.html">
     *             LevenshteinDistance</a> instead.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int getLevenshteinDistance(CharSequence s, CharSequence t) {
        if (s == null || t == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Strings must not be null");
        }

        int n = s.length();
        int m = t.length();

        if (n == 0) {
            return m;
        }
        if (m == 0) {
            return n;
        }

        if (n > m) {
            // swap the input strings to consume less memory
            final CharSequence tmp = s;
            s = t;
            t = tmp;
            n = m;
            m = t.length();
        }

        final int[] p = new int[n + 1];
        // indexes into strings s and t
        int i; // iterates through s
        int j; // iterates through t
        int upperleft;
        int upper;

        char jOfT; // jth character of t
        int cost;

        for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
            p[i] = i;
        }

        for (j = 1; j <= m; j++) {
            upperleft = p[0];
            jOfT = t.charAt(j - 1);
            p[0] = j;

            for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
                upper = p[i];
                cost = s.charAt(i - 1) == jOfT ? 0 : 1;
                // minimum of cell to the left+1, to the top+1, diagonally left and up +cost
                p[i] = Math.min(Math.min(p[i - 1] + 1, p[i] + 1), upperleft + cost);
                upperleft = upper;
            }
        }

        return p[n];
    }

    /**
     * Gets the Levenshtein distance between two Strings if it's less than or equal to a given threshold.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is the number of changes needed to change one String into another, where each change is a single character modification (deletion, insertion or
     * substitution).
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * This implementation follows from Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences by Dan Gusfield and Chas Emerick's implementation of the Levenshtein distance
     * algorithm.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(null, *, *)             = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(*, null, *)             = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance(*, *, -1)               = Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException}
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("", "", 0)              = 0
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("aaapppp", "", 8)       = 7
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("aaapppp", "", 7)       = 7
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("aaapppp", "", 6))      = -1
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("elephant", "hippo", 7) = 7
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("elephant", "hippo", 6) = -1
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hippo", "elephant", 7) = 7
     * StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance("hippo", "elephant", 6) = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param s         The first String, must not be null.
     * @param t         The second String, must not be null.
     * @param threshold The target threshold, must not be negative.
     * @return result distance, or {@code -1} if the distance would be greater than the threshold.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if either String input {@code null} or negative threshold.
     * @deprecated As of 3.6, use Apache Commons Text
     *             <a href="https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-text/javadocs/api-release/org/apache/commons/text/similarity/LevenshteinDistance.html">
     *             LevenshteinDistance</a> instead.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int getLevenshteinDistance(CharSequence s, CharSequence t, final int threshold) {
        if (s == null || t == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Strings must not be null");
        }
        if (threshold < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Threshold must not be negative");
        }

        /*
        This implementation only computes the distance if it's less than or equal to the
        threshold value, returning -1 if it's greater.  The advantage is performance: unbounded
        distance is O(nm), but a bound of k allows us to reduce it to O(km) time by only
        computing a diagonal stripe of width 2k + 1 of the cost table.
        It is also possible to use this to compute the unbounded Levenshtein distance by starting
        the threshold at 1 and doubling each time until the distance is found; this is O(dm), where
        d is the distance.

        One subtlety comes from needing to ignore entries on the border of our stripe
        for example,
        p[] = |#|#|#|*
        d[] =  *|#|#|#|
        We must ignore the entry to the left of the leftmost member
        We must ignore the entry above the rightmost member

        Another subtlety comes from our stripe running off the matrix if the strings aren't
        of the same size.  Since string s is always swapped to be the shorter of the two,
        the stripe will always run off to the upper right instead of the lower left of the matrix.

        As a concrete example, suppose s is of length 5, t is of length 7, and our threshold is 1.
        In this case we're going to walk a stripe of length 3.  The matrix would look like so:

           1 2 3 4 5
        1 |#|#| | | |
        2 |#|#|#| | |
        3 | |#|#|#| |
        4 | | |#|#|#|
        5 | | | |#|#|
        6 | | | | |#|
        7 | | | | | |

        Note how the stripe leads off the table as there is no possible way to turn a string of length 5
        into one of length 7 in edit distance of 1.

        Additionally, this implementation decreases memory usage by using two
        single-dimensional arrays and swapping them back and forth instead of allocating
        an entire n by m matrix.  This requires a few minor changes, such as immediately returning
        when it's detected that the stripe has run off the matrix and initially filling the arrays with
        large values so that entries we don't compute are ignored.

        See Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences by Dan Gusfield for some discussion.
         */

        int n = s.length(); // length of s
        int m = t.length(); // length of t

        // if one string is empty, the edit distance is necessarily the length of the other
        if (n == 0) {
            return m <= threshold ? m : -1;
        }
        if (m == 0) {
            return n <= threshold ? n : -1;
        }
        if (Math.abs(n - m) > threshold) {
            // no need to calculate the distance if the length difference is greater than the threshold
            return -1;
        }

        if (n > m) {
            // swap the two strings to consume less memory
            final CharSequence tmp = s;
            s = t;
            t = tmp;
            n = m;
            m = t.length();
        }

        int[] p = new int[n + 1]; // 'previous' cost array, horizontally
        int[] d = new int[n + 1]; // cost array, horizontally
        int[] tmp; // placeholder to assist in swapping p and d

        // fill in starting table values
        final int boundary = Math.min(n, threshold) + 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < boundary; i++) {
            p[i] = i;
        }
        // these fills ensure that the value above the rightmost entry of our
        // stripe will be ignored in following loop iterations
        Arrays.fill(p, boundary, p.length, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        Arrays.fill(d, Integer.MAX_VALUE);

        // iterates through t
        for (int j = 1; j <= m; j++) {
            final char jOfT = t.charAt(j - 1); // jth character of t
            d[0] = j;

            // compute stripe indices, constrain to array size
            final int min = Math.max(1, j - threshold);
            final int max = j > Integer.MAX_VALUE - threshold ? n : Math.min(n, j + threshold);

            // the stripe may lead off of the table if s and t are of different sizes
            if (min > max) {
                return -1;
            }

            // ignore entry left of leftmost
            if (min > 1) {
                d[min - 1] = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            }

            // iterates through [min, max] in s
            for (int i = min; i <= max; i++) {
                if (s.charAt(i - 1) == jOfT) {
                    // diagonally left and up
                    d[i] = p[i - 1];
                } else {
                    // 1 + minimum of cell to the left, to the top, diagonally left and up
                    d[i] = 1 + Math.min(Math.min(d[i - 1], p[i]), p[i - 1]);
                }
            }

            // copy current distance counts to 'previous row' distance counts
            tmp = p;
            p = d;
            d = tmp;
        }

        // if p[n] is greater than the threshold, there's no guarantee on it being the correct
        // distance
        if (p[n] <= threshold) {
            return p[n];
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Finds the first index within a CharSequence, handling {@code null}. This method uses {@link String#indexOf(String, int)} if possible.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOf(null, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOf(*, null)          = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOf("", "")           = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOf("", *)            = -1 (except when * = "")
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "a")  = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b")  = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "ab") = 1
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "")   = 0
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchSeq The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @return The first index of the search CharSequence, -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOf(String, String) to indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CS.indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int indexOf(final CharSequence seq, final CharSequence searchSeq) {
        return Strings.CS.indexOf(seq, searchSeq);
    }

    /**
     * Finds the first index within a CharSequence, handling {@code null}. This method uses {@link String#indexOf(String, int)} if possible.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}. A negative start position is treated as zero. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches. A
     * start position greater than the string length only matches an empty search CharSequence.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOf("", "", 0)           = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOf("", *, 0)            = -1 (except when * = "")
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 0)  = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 0)  = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 0) = 1
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 3)  = 5
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 9)  = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "b", -1) = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOf("abc", "", 9)        = 3
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchSeq The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @param startPos  The start position, negative treated as zero.
     * @return The first index of the search CharSequence (always &ge; startPos), -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOf(String, String, int) to indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int) Strings.CS.indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int indexOf(final CharSequence seq, final CharSequence searchSeq, final int startPos) {
        return Strings.CS.indexOf(seq, searchSeq, startPos);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within {@code seq} of the first occurrence of the specified character. If a character with value {@code searchChar} occurs in the
     * character sequence represented by {@code seq} {@link CharSequence} object, then the index (in Unicode code units) of the first such occurrence is
     * returned. For values of {@code searchChar} in the range from 0 to 0xFFFF (inclusive), this is the smallest value <em>k</em> such that:
     *
     * <pre>
     * this.charAt(<em>k</em>) == searchChar
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * is true. For other values of {@code searchChar}, it is the smallest value <em>k</em> such that:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * this.codePointAt(<em>k</em>) == searchChar
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in {@code seq}, then {@code INDEX_NOT_FOUND (-1)} is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Furthermore, a {@code null} or empty ("") CharSequence will return {@code INDEX_NOT_FOUND (-1)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOf(null, *)         = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOf("", *)           = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'a') = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b') = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aaaaaaaa", 'Z') = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq        The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChar The character to find.
     * @return The first index of the search character, -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOf(String, int) to indexOf(CharSequence, int)
     * @since 3.6 Updated {@link CharSequenceUtils} call to behave more like {@link String}
     */
    public static int indexOf(final CharSequence seq, final int searchChar) {
        if (isEmpty(seq)) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        return CharSequenceUtils.indexOf(seq, searchChar, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within {@code seq} of the first occurrence of the specified character, starting the search at the specified index.
     * <p>
     * If a character with value {@code searchChar} occurs in the character sequence represented by the {@code seq} {@link CharSequence} object at an index no
     * smaller than {@code startPos}, then the index of the first such occurrence is returned. For values of {@code searchChar} in the range from 0 to 0xFFFF
     * (inclusive), this is the smallest value <em>k</em> such that:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * (this.charAt(<em>k</em>) == searchChar) &amp;&amp; (<em>k</em> &gt;= startPos)
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * is true. For other values of {@code searchChar}, it is the smallest value <em>k</em> such that:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * (this.codePointAt(<em>k</em>) == searchChar) &amp;&amp; (<em>k</em> &gt;= startPos)
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in {@code seq} at or after position {@code startPos}, then {@code -1} is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * There is no restriction on the value of {@code startPos}. If it is negative, it has the same effect as if it were zero: this entire string may be
     * searched. If it is greater than the length of this string, it has the same effect as if it were equal to the length of this string:
     * {@code (INDEX_NOT_FOUND) -1} is returned. Furthermore, a {@code null} or empty ("") CharSequence will return {@code (INDEX_NOT_FOUND) -1}.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * All indices are specified in {@code char} values (Unicode code units).
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOf("", *, *)            = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 0)  = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 3)  = 5
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 9)  = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', -1) = 2
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq        The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChar The character to find.
     * @param startPos   The start position, negative treated as zero.
     * @return The first index of the search character (always &ge; startPos), -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOf(String, int, int) to indexOf(CharSequence, int, int)
     * @since 3.6 Updated {@link CharSequenceUtils} call to behave more like {@link String}
     */
    public static int indexOf(final CharSequence seq, final int searchChar, final int startPos) {
        if (isEmpty(seq)) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        return CharSequenceUtils.indexOf(seq, searchChar, startPos);
    }

    /**
     * Search a CharSequence to find the first index of any character in the given set of characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} String will return {@code -1}. A {@code null} or zero length search array will return {@code -1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(null, *)                  = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("", *)                    = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, null)                  = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, [])                    = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", 'z', 'a')   = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", 'b', 'y')   = 3
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("aba", 'z')               = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs          The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChars The chars to search for, may be null.
     * @return The index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAny(String, char[]) to indexOfAny(CharSequence, char...)
     */
    public static int indexOfAny(final CharSequence cs, final char... searchChars) {
        return indexOfAny(cs, 0, searchChars);
    }

    /**
     * Find the first index of any of a set of potential substrings.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}. A {@code null} or zero length search array will return {@code -1}. A {@code null} search array entry
     * will be ignored, but a search array containing "" will return {@code 0} if {@code str} is not null. This method uses {@link String#indexOf(String)} if
     * possible.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(null, *)                    = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, null)                    = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, [])                      = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", "ab", "cd")   = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", "cd", "ab")   = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", "mn", "op")   = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", "zab", "aby") = 1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", new CharSequence[] { "" }) = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("", new CharSequence[] { "" })           = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("", new CharSequence[] { "a" })          = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * Use an explicit array when searching for a single substring. Passing a single {@link String} as the second argument instead selects
     * {@link #indexOfAny(CharSequence, String)}, which searches for individual characters.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str        The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStrs The CharSequences to search for, may be null.
     * @return The first index of any of the searchStrs in str, -1 if no match.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAny(String, String[]) to indexOfAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...)
     */
    public static int indexOfAny(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence... searchStrs) {
        if (str == null || searchStrs == null) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        // String's can't have a MAX_VALUEth index.
        int ret = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        int tmp;
        for (final CharSequence search : searchStrs) {
            if (search == null) {
                continue;
            }
            tmp = CharSequenceUtils.indexOf(str, search, 0);
            if (tmp == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
                continue;
            }
            if (tmp < ret) {
                ret = tmp;
            }
        }
        return ret == Integer.MAX_VALUE ? INDEX_NOT_FOUND : ret;
    }

    /**
     * Search a CharSequence to find the first index of any character in the given set of characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} String will return {@code -1}. A {@code null} or zero length search array will return {@code -1}.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * The following is the same as {@code indexOfAny(cs, 0, searchChars)}.
     * </p>
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(null, 0, *)                  = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("", 0, *)                    = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, 0, null)                  = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, 0, [])                    = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", 0, ['z', 'a']) = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", 0, ['b', 'y']) = 3
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("aba", 0, ['z'])             = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs          The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param csStart Start searching the input {@code cs} at this index.
     * @param searchChars The chars to search for, may be null.
     * @return The index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAny(String, char[]) to indexOfAny(CharSequence, char...)
     */
    public static int indexOfAny(final CharSequence cs, final int csStart, final char... searchChars) {
        if (isEmpty(cs) || ArrayUtils.isEmpty(searchChars)) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        final int csLen = cs.length();
        final int csLast = csLen - 1;
        final int searchLen = searchChars.length;
        final int searchLast = searchLen - 1;
        for (int i = Math.max(csStart, 0); i < csLen; i++) {
            final char ch = cs.charAt(i);
            for (int j = 0; j < searchLen; j++) {
                if (searchChars[j] == ch) {
                    if (Character.isHighSurrogate(ch)
                            ? j == searchLast || i < csLast && searchChars[j + 1] == cs.charAt(i + 1)
                            : j == 0 || !Character.isLowSurrogate(ch) || !Character.isHighSurrogate(searchChars[j - 1]) || i > 0 && searchChars[j - 1] == cs.charAt(i - 1)) {
                        return i;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
    }

    /**
     * Search a CharSequence to find the first index of any character in the given set of characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} String will return {@code -1}. A {@code null} search string will return {@code -1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(null, *)            = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("", *)              = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, null)            = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny(*, "")              = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", "za") = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", "by") = 3
     * StringUtils.indexOfAny("aba", "z")         = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs          The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChars The chars to search for, may be null.
     * @return The index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAny(String, String) to indexOfAny(CharSequence, String)
     */
    public static int indexOfAny(final CharSequence cs, final String searchChars) {
        if (isEmpty(cs) || isEmpty(searchChars)) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        return indexOfAny(cs, searchChars.toCharArray());
    }

    /**
     * Searches a CharSequence to find the first index of any character not in the given set of characters, i.e., find index i of first char in cs such that
     * (cs.codePointAt(i) ∉ { x ∈ codepoints(searchChars) })
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}. A {@code null} or zero length search array will return {@code -1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(null, *)                              = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("", *)                                = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, null)                              = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, [])                                = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("zzabyycdxx", new char[] {'z', 'a'} ) = 3
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("aba", new char[] {'z'} )             = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("aba", new char[] {'a', 'b'} )        = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs          The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChars The chars to search for, may be null.
     * @return The index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAnyBut(String, char[]) to indexOfAnyBut(CharSequence, char...)
     */
    public static int indexOfAnyBut(final CharSequence cs, final char... searchChars) {
        if (isEmpty(cs) || ArrayUtils.isEmpty(searchChars)) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        return indexOfAnyBut(cs, CharBuffer.wrap(searchChars));
    }

    /**
     * Search a CharSequence to find the first index of any character not in the given set of characters, i.e., find index i of first char in seq such that
     * (seq.codePointAt(i) ∉ { x ∈ codepoints(searchChars) })
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}. A {@code null} or empty search string will return {@code -1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(null, *)            = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("", *)              = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, null)            = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut(*, "")              = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("zzabyycdxx", "za") = 3
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("zzabyycdxx", "")   = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfAnyBut("aba", "ab")        = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq         The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChars The chars to search for, may be null.
     * @return The index of any of the chars, -1 if no match or null input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfAnyBut(String, String) to indexOfAnyBut(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     */
    public static int indexOfAnyBut(final CharSequence seq, final CharSequence searchChars) {
        if (isEmpty(seq) || isEmpty(searchChars)) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        final Set<Integer> searchSetCodePoints = searchChars.codePoints()
                .boxed().collect(Collectors.toSet());
        // advance character index from one interpreted codepoint to the next
        for (int curSeqCharIdx = 0; curSeqCharIdx < seq.length();) {
            final int curSeqCodePoint = Character.codePointAt(seq, curSeqCharIdx);
            if (!searchSetCodePoints.contains(curSeqCodePoint)) {
                return curSeqCharIdx;
            }
            curSeqCharIdx += Character.charCount(curSeqCodePoint); // skip indices to paired low-surrogates
        }
        return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
    }

    /**
     * Compares all CharSequences in an array and returns the index at which the CharSequences begin to differ.
     *
     * <p>
     * For example, {@code indexOfDifference(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) -> 7}
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(null)                             = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {})                  = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc"})             = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {null, null})        = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"", ""})            = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"", null})          = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", null, null}) = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {null, null, "abc"}) = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"", "abc"})         = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", ""})         = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", "abc"})      = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abc", "a"})        = 1
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"ab", "abxyz"})     = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abcde", "abxyz"})  = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"abcde", "xyz"})    = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"xyz", "abcde"})    = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(new String[] {"i am a machine", "i am a robot"}) = 7
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param css array of CharSequences, entries may be null.
     * @return The index where the strings begin to differ; -1 if they are all equal.
     * @since 2.4
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfDifference(String...) to indexOfDifference(CharSequence...)
     */
    public static int indexOfDifference(final CharSequence... css) {
        if (ArrayUtils.getLength(css) <= 1) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        boolean anyStringNull = false;
        boolean allStringsNull = true;
        final int arrayLen = css.length;
        int shortestStrLen = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        int longestStrLen = 0;
        // find the min and max string lengths; this avoids checking to make
        // sure we are not exceeding the length of the string each time through
        // the bottom loop.
        for (final CharSequence cs : css) {
            if (cs == null) {
                anyStringNull = true;
                shortestStrLen = 0;
            } else {
                allStringsNull = false;
                shortestStrLen = Math.min(cs.length(), shortestStrLen);
                longestStrLen = Math.max(cs.length(), longestStrLen);
            }
        }
        // handle lists containing all nulls or all empty strings
        if (allStringsNull || longestStrLen == 0 && !anyStringNull) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        // handle lists containing some nulls or some empty strings
        if (shortestStrLen == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        // find the position with the first difference across all strings
        int firstDiff = -1;
        for (int stringPos = 0; stringPos < shortestStrLen; stringPos++) {
            final char comparisonChar = css[0].charAt(stringPos);
            for (int arrayPos = 1; arrayPos < arrayLen; arrayPos++) {
                if (css[arrayPos].charAt(stringPos) != comparisonChar) {
                    firstDiff = stringPos;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (firstDiff != -1) {
                break;
            }
        }
        if (firstDiff > 0 && Character.isLowSurrogate(css[0].charAt(firstDiff))
                && Character.isHighSurrogate(css[0].charAt(firstDiff - 1))) {
            // the difference splits a surrogate pair whose high half is common; report the start of the
            // pair so getCommonPrefix never slices it in half and leaves a stray high surrogate.
            firstDiff--;
        }
        if (firstDiff == -1 && shortestStrLen != longestStrLen) {
            // we compared all of the characters up to the length of the
            // shortest string and didn't find a match, but the string lengths
            // vary, so return the length of the shortest string.
            return shortestStrLen;
        }
        return firstDiff;
    }

    /**
     * Compares two CharSequences, and returns the index at which the CharSequences begin to differ.
     *
     * <p>
     * For example, {@code indexOfDifference("i am a machine", "i am a robot") -> 7}
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference(null, null)       = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference("", "")           = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference("", "abc")        = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abc", "")        = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abc", "abc")     = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference("ab", "abxyz")    = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abcde", "abxyz") = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOfDifference("abcde", "xyz")   = 0
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs1 The first CharSequence, may be null.
     * @param cs2 The second CharSequence, may be null.
     * @return The index where cs1 and cs2 begin to differ; -1 if they are equal.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfDifference(String, String) to indexOfDifference(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     */
    public static int indexOfDifference(final CharSequence cs1, final CharSequence cs2) {
        if (cs1 == cs2) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        if (cs1 == null || cs2 == null) {
            return 0;
        }
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < cs1.length() && i < cs2.length(); ++i) {
            if (cs1.charAt(i) != cs2.charAt(i)) {
                break;
            }
        }
        if (i > 0 && i < cs1.length() && i < cs2.length() && Character.isHighSurrogate(cs1.charAt(i - 1))
                && (Character.isLowSurrogate(cs1.charAt(i)) || Character.isLowSurrogate(cs2.charAt(i)))) {
            // the difference splits a surrogate pair whose high half is common; report the start of the
            // pair so difference does not return a string that begins with a stray low surrogate.
            i--;
        }
        if (i < cs2.length() || i < cs1.length()) {
            return i;
        }
        return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
    }

    /**
     * Case insensitive find of the first index within a CharSequence.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}. A negative start position is treated as zero. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches. A
     * start position greater than the string length only matches an empty search CharSequence.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(null, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(*, null)          = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("", "")           = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(" ", " ")         = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "a")  = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "b")  = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "ab") = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStr The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @return The first index of the search CharSequence, -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.5
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfIgnoreCase(String, String) to indexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CI.indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int indexOfIgnoreCase(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence searchStr) {
        return Strings.CI.indexOf(str, searchStr);
    }

    /**
     * Case insensitive find of the first index within a CharSequence from the specified position.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}. A negative start position is treated as zero. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches. A
     * start position greater than the string length only matches an empty search CharSequence.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(null, *, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase(*, null, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("", "", 0)           = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A", 0)  = 0
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 0)  = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "AB", 0) = 1
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 3)  = 5
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 9)  = -1
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", -1) = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 2
     * StringUtils.indexOfIgnoreCase("abc", "", 9)        = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStr The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @param startPos  The start position, negative treated as zero.
     * @return The first index of the search CharSequence (always &ge; startPos), -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.5
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from indexOfIgnoreCase(String, String, int) to indexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int) Strings.CI.indexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int indexOfIgnoreCase(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence searchStr, final int startPos) {
        return Strings.CI.indexOf(str, searchStr, startPos);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if all of the CharSequences are empty (""), null or whitespace only.
     *
     * <p>
     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAllBlank(null)             = true
     * StringUtils.isAllBlank(null, "foo")      = false
     * StringUtils.isAllBlank(null, null)       = true
     * StringUtils.isAllBlank("", "bar")        = false
     * StringUtils.isAllBlank("bob", "")        = false
     * StringUtils.isAllBlank("  bob  ", null)  = false
     * StringUtils.isAllBlank(" ", "bar")       = false
     * StringUtils.isAllBlank("foo", "bar")     = false
     * StringUtils.isAllBlank(new String[] {})  = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param css The CharSequences to check, may be null or empty.
     * @return {@code true} if all of the CharSequences are empty or null or whitespace only.
     * @since 3.6
     */
    public static boolean isAllBlank(final CharSequence... css) {
        if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(css)) {
            return true;
        }
        for (final CharSequence cs : css) {
            if (isNotBlank(cs)) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if all of the CharSequences are empty ("") or null.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAllEmpty(null)             = true
     * StringUtils.isAllEmpty(null, "")         = true
     * StringUtils.isAllEmpty(new String[] {})  = true
     * StringUtils.isAllEmpty(null, "foo")      = false
     * StringUtils.isAllEmpty("", "bar")        = false
     * StringUtils.isAllEmpty("bob", "")        = false
     * StringUtils.isAllEmpty("  bob  ", null)  = false
     * StringUtils.isAllEmpty(" ", "bar")       = false
     * StringUtils.isAllEmpty("foo", "bar")     = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param css The CharSequences to check, may be null or empty.
     * @return {@code true} if all of the CharSequences are empty or null.
     * @since 3.6
     */
    public static boolean isAllEmpty(final CharSequence... css) {
        if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(css)) {
            return true;
        }
        for (final CharSequence cs : css) {
            if (isNotEmpty(cs)) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only lowercase characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false}. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAllLowerCase(null)   = false
     * StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("")     = false
     * StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("  ")   = false
     * StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("abc")  = true
     * StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("abC")  = false
     * StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("ab c") = false
     * StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("ab1c") = false
     * StringUtils.isAllLowerCase("ab/c") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if only contains lowercase characters, and is non-null.
     * @since 2.5
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isAllLowerCase(String) to isAllLowerCase(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isAllLowerCase(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (isEmpty(cs)) {
            return false;
        }
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz;) {
            final int codePoint = Character.codePointAt(cs, i);
            if (!Character.isLowerCase(codePoint)) {
                return false;
            }
            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only uppercase characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false}.
     * An empty String (length()=0) will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAllUpperCase(null)   = false
     * StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("")     = false
     * StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("  ")   = false
     * StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("ABC")  = true
     * StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("aBC")  = false
     * StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("A C")  = false
     * StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("A1C")  = false
     * StringUtils.isAllUpperCase("A/C")  = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if only contains uppercase characters, and is non-null.
     * @since 2.5
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isAllUpperCase(String) to isAllUpperCase(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isAllUpperCase(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (isEmpty(cs)) {
            return false;
        }
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz;) {
            final int codePoint = Character.codePointAt(cs, i);
            if (!Character.isUpperCase(codePoint)) {
                return false;
            }
            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false}. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAlpha(null)   = false
     * StringUtils.isAlpha("")     = false
     * StringUtils.isAlpha("  ")   = false
     * StringUtils.isAlpha("abc")  = true
     * StringUtils.isAlpha("ab2c") = false
     * StringUtils.isAlpha("ab-c") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if only contains letters, and is non-null.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isAlpha(String) to isAlpha(CharSequence)
     * @since 3.0 Changed "" to return false and not true
     */
    public static boolean isAlpha(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (isEmpty(cs)) {
            return false;
        }
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz;) {
            final int codePoint = Character.codePointAt(cs, i);
            if (!Character.isLetter(codePoint)) {
                return false;
            }
            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters or digits.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false}. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumeric(null)   = false
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("")     = false
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("  ")   = false
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("abc")  = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab c") = false
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab2c") = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumeric("ab-c") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if only contains letters or digits, and is non-null.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isAlphanumeric(String) to isAlphanumeric(CharSequence)
     * @since 3.0 Changed "" to return false and not true
     */
    public static boolean isAlphanumeric(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (isEmpty(cs)) {
            return false;
        }
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz;) {
            final int codePoint = Character.codePointAt(cs, i);
            if (!Character.isLetterOrDigit(codePoint)) {
                return false;
            }
            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters, digits or space ({@code ' '}).
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false}. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return {@code true}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace(null)   = false
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("")     = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("  ")   = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("abc")  = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("ab c") = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("ab2c") = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphanumericSpace("ab-c") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if only contains letters, digits or space, and is non-null.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isAlphanumericSpace(String) to isAlphanumericSpace(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isAlphanumericSpace(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (cs == null) {
            return false;
        }
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz;) {
            final int codePoint = Character.codePointAt(cs, i);
            if (codePoint != ' ' && !Character.isLetterOrDigit(codePoint)) {
                return false;
            }
            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only Unicode letters and space (' ').
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false} An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return {@code true}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAlphaSpace(null)   = false
     * StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("")     = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("  ")   = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("abc")  = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("ab c") = true
     * StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("ab2c") = false
     * StringUtils.isAlphaSpace("ab-c") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if only contains letters and space, and is non-null.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isAlphaSpace(String) to isAlphaSpace(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isAlphaSpace(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (cs == null) {
            return false;
        }
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz;) {
            final int codePoint = Character.codePointAt(cs, i);
            if (codePoint != ' ' && !Character.isLetter(codePoint)) {
                return false;
            }
            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if any of the CharSequences are {@link #isBlank(CharSequence) blank} (whitespaces, empty ({@code ""}), or {@code null}).
     *
     * <p>
     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank((String) null)    = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank((String[]) null)  = false
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank(null, "foo")      = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank(null, null)       = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank("", "bar")        = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank("bob", "")        = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank("  bob  ", null)  = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank(" ", "bar")       = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank(new String[] {})  = false
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank(new String[]{""}) = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyBlank("foo", "bar")     = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param css The CharSequences to check, may be null or empty.
     * @return {@code true} if any of the CharSequences are {@link #isBlank(CharSequence) blank} (whitespaces, empty ({@code ""}), or {@code null}).
     * @see #isBlank(CharSequence)
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static boolean isAnyBlank(final CharSequence... css) {
        if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(css)) {
            return false;
        }
        for (final CharSequence cs : css) {
            if (isBlank(cs)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if any of the CharSequences are empty ("") or null.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAnyEmpty((String) null)    = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyEmpty((String[]) null)  = false
     * StringUtils.isAnyEmpty(null, "foo")      = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyEmpty("", "bar")        = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyEmpty("bob", "")        = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyEmpty("  bob  ", null)  = true
     * StringUtils.isAnyEmpty(" ", "bar")       = false
     * StringUtils.isAnyEmpty("foo", "bar")     = false
     * StringUtils.isAnyEmpty(new String[]{})   = false
     * StringUtils.isAnyEmpty(new String[]{""}) = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param css  The CharSequences to check, may be null or empty.
     * @return {@code true} if any of the CharSequences are empty or null.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static boolean isAnyEmpty(final CharSequence... css) {
        if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(css)) {
            return false;
        }
        for (final CharSequence cs : css) {
            if (isEmpty(cs)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only ASCII printable characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false}. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return {@code true}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable(null)     = false
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("")       = true
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable(" ")      = true
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("Ceki")   = true
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("ab2c")   = true
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("!ab-c~") = true
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("\u0020") = true
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("\u0021") = true
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("\u007e") = true
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("\u007f") = false
     * StringUtils.isAsciiPrintable("Ceki G\u00fclc\u00fc") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if every character is in the range 32 through 126.
     * @since 2.1
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isAsciiPrintable(String) to isAsciiPrintable(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isAsciiPrintable(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (cs == null) {
            return false;
        }
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
            if (!CharUtils.isAsciiPrintable(cs.charAt(i))) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if a CharSequence is empty ({@code "")}, null, or contains only whitespace as defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isBlank(null)      = true
     * StringUtils.isBlank("")        = true
     * StringUtils.isBlank(" ")       = true
     * StringUtils.isBlank("bob")     = false
     * StringUtils.isBlank("  bob  ") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequence is null, empty or whitespace only.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isBlank(String) to isBlank(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isBlank(final CharSequence cs) {
        final int strLen = length(cs);
        for (int i = 0; i < strLen; i++) {
            if (!Character.isWhitespace(cs.charAt(i))) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if a CharSequence is empty ("") or null.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isEmpty(null)      = true
     * StringUtils.isEmpty("")        = true
     * StringUtils.isEmpty(" ")       = false
     * StringUtils.isEmpty("bob")     = false
     * StringUtils.isEmpty("  bob  ") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * NOTE: This method changed in Lang version 2.0. It no longer trims the CharSequence. That functionality is available in isBlank().
     * </p>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequence is empty or null.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isEmpty(String) to isEmpty(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isEmpty(final CharSequence cs) {
        return cs == null || cs.length() == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains mixed casing of both uppercase and lowercase characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false}. An empty CharSequence ({@code length()=0}) will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isMixedCase(null)    = false
     * StringUtils.isMixedCase("")      = false
     * StringUtils.isMixedCase(" ")     = false
     * StringUtils.isMixedCase("ABC")   = false
     * StringUtils.isMixedCase("abc")   = false
     * StringUtils.isMixedCase("aBc")   = true
     * StringUtils.isMixedCase("A c")   = true
     * StringUtils.isMixedCase("A1c")   = true
     * StringUtils.isMixedCase("a/C")   = true
     * StringUtils.isMixedCase("aC\t")  = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequence contains both uppercase and lowercase characters.
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static boolean isMixedCase(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (isEmpty(cs) || cs.length() == 1) {
            return false;
        }
        boolean containsUppercase = false;
        boolean containsLowercase = false;
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz;) {
            final int codePoint = Character.codePointAt(cs, i);
            if (Character.isUpperCase(codePoint)) {
                containsUppercase = true;
            } else if (Character.isLowerCase(codePoint)) {
                containsLowercase = true;
            }
            if (containsUppercase && containsLowercase) {
                return true;
            }
            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if none of the CharSequences are empty (""), null or whitespace only.
     *
     * <p>
     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank((String) null)    = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank((String[]) null)  = true
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank(null, "foo")      = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank(null, null)       = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank("", "bar")        = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank("bob", "")        = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank("  bob  ", null)  = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank(" ", "bar")       = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank(new String[] {})  = true
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank(new String[]{""}) = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneBlank("foo", "bar")     = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param css The CharSequences to check, may be null or empty.
     * @return {@code true} if none of the CharSequences are empty or null or whitespace only.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static boolean isNoneBlank(final CharSequence... css) {
        return !isAnyBlank(css);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if none of the CharSequences are empty ("") or null.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isNoneEmpty((String) null)    = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneEmpty((String[]) null)  = true
     * StringUtils.isNoneEmpty(null, "foo")      = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneEmpty("", "bar")        = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneEmpty("bob", "")        = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneEmpty("  bob  ", null)  = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneEmpty(new String[] {})  = true
     * StringUtils.isNoneEmpty(new String[]{""}) = false
     * StringUtils.isNoneEmpty(" ", "bar")       = true
     * StringUtils.isNoneEmpty("foo", "bar")     = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param css  The CharSequences to check, may be null or empty.
     * @return {@code true} if none of the CharSequences are empty or null.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static boolean isNoneEmpty(final CharSequence... css) {
        return !isAnyEmpty(css);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if a CharSequence is not {@link #isBlank(CharSequence) blank} (whitespaces, empty ({@code ""}), or {@code null}).
     *
     * <p>
     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isNotBlank(null)      = false
     * StringUtils.isNotBlank("")        = false
     * StringUtils.isNotBlank(" ")       = false
     * StringUtils.isNotBlank("bob")     = true
     * StringUtils.isNotBlank("  bob  ") = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequence is not {@link #isBlank(CharSequence) blank} (whitespaces, empty ({@code ""}), or {@code null}).
     * @see #isBlank(CharSequence)
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isNotBlank(String) to isNotBlank(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isNotBlank(final CharSequence cs) {
        return !isBlank(cs);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if a CharSequence is not empty ("") and not null.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isNotEmpty(null)      = false
     * StringUtils.isNotEmpty("")        = false
     * StringUtils.isNotEmpty(" ")       = true
     * StringUtils.isNotEmpty("bob")     = true
     * StringUtils.isNotEmpty("  bob  ") = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs  The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequence is not empty and not null.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isNotEmpty(String) to isNotEmpty(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isNotEmpty(final CharSequence cs) {
        return !isEmpty(cs);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only Unicode digits. A decimal point is not a Unicode digit and returns false.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false}. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Note that the method does not allow for a leading sign, either positive or negative. Also, if a String passes the numeric test, it may still generate a
     * NumberFormatException when parsed by Integer.parseInt or Long.parseLong, e.g. if the value is outside the range for int or long respectively.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isNumeric(null)   = false
     * StringUtils.isNumeric("")     = false
     * StringUtils.isNumeric("  ")   = false
     * StringUtils.isNumeric("123")  = true
     * StringUtils.isNumeric("\u0967\u0968\u0969")  = true
     * StringUtils.isNumeric("12 3") = false
     * StringUtils.isNumeric("ab2c") = false
     * StringUtils.isNumeric("12-3") = false
     * StringUtils.isNumeric("12.3") = false
     * StringUtils.isNumeric("-123") = false
     * StringUtils.isNumeric("+123") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if only contains digits, and is non-null.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isNumeric(String) to isNumeric(CharSequence)
     * @since 3.0 Changed "" to return false and not true
     */
    public static boolean isNumeric(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (isEmpty(cs)) {
            return false;
        }
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz;) {
            final int codePoint = Character.codePointAt(cs, i);
            if (!Character.isDigit(codePoint)) {
                return false;
            }
            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only Unicode digits or space ({@code ' '}). A decimal point is not a Unicode digit and returns false.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false}. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return {@code true}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isNumericSpace(null)   = false
     * StringUtils.isNumericSpace("")     = true
     * StringUtils.isNumericSpace("  ")   = true
     * StringUtils.isNumericSpace("123")  = true
     * StringUtils.isNumericSpace("12 3") = true
     * StringUtils.isNumericSpace("\u0967\u0968\u0969")   = true
     * StringUtils.isNumericSpace("\u0967\u0968 \u0969")  = true
     * StringUtils.isNumericSpace("ab2c") = false
     * StringUtils.isNumericSpace("12-3") = false
     * StringUtils.isNumericSpace("12.3") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if only contains digits or space, and is non-null.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isNumericSpace(String) to isNumericSpace(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isNumericSpace(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (cs == null) {
            return false;
        }
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz;) {
            final int codePoint = Character.codePointAt(cs, i);
            if (codePoint != ' ' && !Character.isDigit(codePoint)) {
                return false;
            }
            i += Character.charCount(codePoint);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the CharSequence contains only whitespace.
     *
     * <p>
     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} will return {@code false}. An empty CharSequence (length()=0) will return {@code true}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.isWhitespace(null)   = false
     * StringUtils.isWhitespace("")     = true
     * StringUtils.isWhitespace("  ")   = true
     * StringUtils.isWhitespace("abc")  = false
     * StringUtils.isWhitespace("ab2c") = false
     * StringUtils.isWhitespace("ab-c") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if only contains whitespace, and is non-null.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from isWhitespace(String) to isWhitespace(CharSequence)
     */
    public static boolean isWhitespace(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (cs == null) {
            return false;
        }
        final int sz = cs.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
            if (!Character.isWhitespace(cs.charAt(i))) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)             = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)               = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)           = ""
     * StringUtils.join([false, false], ';') = "false;false"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array     The array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter The separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.12.0
     */
    public static String join(final boolean[] array, final char delimiter) {
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return join(array, delimiter, 0, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)                  = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)                    = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)                = ""
     * StringUtils.join([true, false, true], ';') = "true;false;true"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex
     *            the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the
     *            array.
     * @param endIndex
     *            the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of
     *            the array.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.12.0
     */
    public static String join(final boolean[] array, final char delimiter, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        // See StringUtilsJoinBenchmark
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        checkFromToIndex(startIndex, endIndex, array.length);
        final int count = endIndex - startIndex;
        if (count <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final byte maxElementChars = 5; // "false"
        final StringBuilder stringBuilder = capacity(count, maxElementChars);
        stringBuilder.append(array[startIndex]);
        for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++) {
            stringBuilder.append(delimiter).append(array[i]);
        }
        return stringBuilder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)           = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)       = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final byte[] array, final char delimiter) {
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return join(array, delimiter, 0, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)           = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)       = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex
     *            the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the
     *            array.
     * @param endIndex
     *            the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of
     *            the array.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final byte[] array, final char delimiter, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        // See StringUtilsJoinBenchmark
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        checkFromToIndex(startIndex, endIndex, array.length);
        final int count = endIndex - startIndex;
        if (count <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final byte maxElementChars = 4; // "-128"
        final StringBuilder stringBuilder = capacity(count, maxElementChars);
        stringBuilder.append(array[startIndex]);
        for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++) {
            stringBuilder.append(delimiter).append(array[i]);
        }
        return stringBuilder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)           = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)       = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final char[] array, final char delimiter) {
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return join(array, delimiter, 0, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)           = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)       = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex
     *            the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the
     *            array.
     * @param endIndex
     *            the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of
     *            the array.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final char[] array, final char delimiter, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        // See StringUtilsJoinBenchmark
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        checkFromToIndex(startIndex, endIndex, array.length);
        final int count = endIndex - startIndex;
        if (count <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final byte maxElementChars = 1;
        final StringBuilder stringBuilder = capacity(count, maxElementChars);
        stringBuilder.append(array[startIndex]);
        for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++) {
            stringBuilder.append(delimiter).append(array[i]);
        }
        return stringBuilder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')   = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null)  = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final double[] array, final char delimiter) {
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return join(array, delimiter, 0, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')   = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null)  = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex
     *            the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the
     *            array.
     * @param endIndex
     *            the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of
     *            the array.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final double[] array, final char delimiter, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        // See StringUtilsJoinBenchmark
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        checkFromToIndex(startIndex, endIndex, array.length);
        final int count = endIndex - startIndex;
        if (count <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final byte maxElementChars = 22; // "1.7976931348623157E308"
        final StringBuilder stringBuilder = capacity(count, maxElementChars);
        stringBuilder.append(array[startIndex]);
        for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++) {
            stringBuilder.append(delimiter).append(array[i]);
        }
        return stringBuilder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')   = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null)  = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final float[] array, final char delimiter) {
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return join(array, delimiter, 0, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')   = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null)  = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex
     *            the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the
     *            array.
     * @param endIndex
     *            the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of
     *            the array.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final float[] array, final char delimiter, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        // See StringUtilsJoinBenchmark
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        checkFromToIndex(startIndex, endIndex, array.length);
        final int count = endIndex - startIndex;
        if (count <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final byte maxElementChars = 12; // "3.4028235E38"
        final StringBuilder stringBuilder = capacity(count, maxElementChars);
        stringBuilder.append(array[startIndex]);
        for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++) {
            stringBuilder.append(delimiter).append(array[i]);
        }
        return stringBuilder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')   = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null)  = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param separator
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final int[] array, final char separator) {
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return join(array, separator, 0, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')   = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null)  = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex
     *            the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the
     *            array.
     * @param endIndex
     *            the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of
     *            the array.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final int[] array, final char delimiter, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        // See StringUtilsJoinBenchmark
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        checkFromToIndex(startIndex, endIndex, array.length);
        final int count = endIndex - startIndex;
        if (count <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final byte maxElementChars = 11; // "-2147483648"
        final StringBuilder stringBuilder = capacity(count, maxElementChars);
        stringBuilder.append(array[startIndex]);
        for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++) {
            stringBuilder.append(delimiter).append(array[i]);
        }
        return stringBuilder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided {@link Iterable} into a single String containing the provided elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the iteration are represented by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * See the examples here: {@link #join(Object[],char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param iterable  The {@link Iterable} providing the values to join together, may be null.
     * @param separator The separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null iterator input.
     * @since 2.3
     */
    public static String join(final Iterable<?> iterable, final char separator) {
        return iterable != null ? join(iterable.iterator(), separator) : null;
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided {@link Iterable} into a single String containing the provided elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. A {@code null} separator is the same as an empty String ("").
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * See the examples here: {@link #join(Object[],String)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param iterable  The {@link Iterable} providing the values to join together, may be null.
     * @param separator The separator character to use, null treated as "".
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null iterator input.
     * @since 2.3
     */
    public static String join(final Iterable<?> iterable, final String separator) {
        return iterable != null ? join(iterable.iterator(), separator) : null;
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided {@link Iterator} into a single String containing the provided elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the iteration are represented by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * See the examples here: {@link #join(Object[],char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param iterator  The {@link Iterator} of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param separator The separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null iterator input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String join(final Iterator<?> iterator, final char separator) {
        // handle null, zero and one elements before building a buffer
        if (iterator == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (!iterator.hasNext()) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return Streams.of(iterator).collect(LangCollectors.joining(ObjectUtils.toString(String.valueOf(separator)), EMPTY, EMPTY, ObjectUtils::toString));
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided {@link Iterator} into a single String containing the provided elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. A {@code null} separator is the same as an empty String ("").
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * See the examples here: {@link #join(Object[],String)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param iterator  The {@link Iterator} of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param separator The separator character to use, null treated as "".
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null iterator input.
     */
    public static String join(final Iterator<?> iterator, final String separator) {
        // handle null, zero and one elements before building a buffer
        if (iterator == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (!iterator.hasNext()) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return Streams.of(iterator).collect(LangCollectors.joining(ObjectUtils.toString(separator), EMPTY, EMPTY, ObjectUtils::toString));
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided {@link List} into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], ';')  = "a;b;c"
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null) = "abc"
     * StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ';')  = ";;a"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param list       The {@link List} of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param separator  The separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex The first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the list.
     * @param endIndex   The index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the list.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null list input.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static String join(final List<?> list, final char separator, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        if (list == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final int noOfItems = endIndex - startIndex;
        if (noOfItems <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final List<?> subList = list.subList(startIndex, endIndex);
        return join(subList.iterator(), separator);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided {@link List} into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], ';')  = "a;b;c"
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null) = "abc"
     * StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ';')  = ";;a"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param list       The {@link List} of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param separator  The separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex The first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the list.
     * @param endIndex   The index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the list.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null list input.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static String join(final List<?> list, final String separator, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        if (list == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final int noOfItems = endIndex - startIndex;
        if (noOfItems <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final List<?> subList = list.subList(startIndex, endIndex);
        return join(subList.iterator(), separator);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param separator
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final long[] array, final char separator) {
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return join(array, separator, 0, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')  = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null) = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex
     *            the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the
     *            array.
     * @param endIndex
     *            the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of
     *            the array.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final long[] array, final char delimiter, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        // See StringUtilsJoinBenchmark
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        checkFromToIndex(startIndex, endIndex, array.length);
        final int count = endIndex - startIndex;
        if (count <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final byte maxElementChars = 20; // "-9223372036854775808"
        final StringBuilder stringBuilder = capacity(count, maxElementChars);
        stringBuilder.append(array[startIndex]);
        for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++) {
            stringBuilder.append(delimiter).append(array[i]);
        }
        return stringBuilder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], ';')  = "a;b;c"
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null) = "abc"
     * StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ';')  = ";;a"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array     The array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter The separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String join(final Object[] array, final char delimiter) {
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return join(array, delimiter, 0, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)               = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)                 = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)             = ""
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], ';')  = "a;b;c"
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null) = "abc"
     * StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ';')  = ";;a"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array      The array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter  The separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex The first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the array.
     * @param endIndex   The index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of the array.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String join(final Object[] array, final char delimiter, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        return join(array, String.valueOf(delimiter), startIndex, endIndex);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. A {@code null} separator is the same as an empty String (""). Null objects or empty strings within the
     * array are represented by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)                = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)                  = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)              = ""
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--")  = "a--b--c"
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null)  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "")    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ',')   = ",,a"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array     The array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter The separator character to use, null treated as "".
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     */
    public static String join(final Object[] array, final String delimiter) {
        return array != null ? join(array, ObjectUtils.toString(delimiter), 0, array.length) : null;
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. A {@code null} separator is the same as an empty String (""). Null objects or empty strings within the
     * array are represented by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *, *, *)                = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *, *, *)                  = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *, *, *)              = ""
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--", 0, 3)  = "a--b--c"
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--", 1, 3)  = "b--c"
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--", 2, 3)  = "c"
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "--", 2, 2)  = ""
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], null, 0, 3)  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.join(["a", "b", "c"], "", 0, 3)    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.join([null, "", "a"], ',', 0, 3)   = ",,a"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array      The array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter  The separator character to use, null treated as "".
     * @param startIndex The first index to start joining from.
     * @param endIndex   The index to stop joining from (exclusive).
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input; or the empty string if {@code endIndex - startIndex <= 0}. The number of joined entries is
     *         given by {@code endIndex - startIndex}.
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Thrown if<br> {@code startIndex < 0} or <br> {@code startIndex >= array.length()} or <br> {@code endIndex < 0} or
     *         <br> {@code endIndex > array.length()}.
     */
    public static String join(final Object[] array, final String delimiter, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        return array != null ? Streams.of(array).skip(startIndex).limit(Math.max(0, endIndex - startIndex))
                .collect(LangCollectors.joining(delimiter, EMPTY, EMPTY, ObjectUtils::toString)) : null;
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')   = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null)  = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final short[] array, final char delimiter) {
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return join(array, delimiter, 0, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented
     * by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.join([], *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null], *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], ';')   = "1;2;3"
     * StringUtils.join([1, 2, 3], null)  = "123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param array
     *            the array of values to join together, may be null.
     * @param delimiter
     *            the separator character to use.
     * @param startIndex
     *            the first index to start joining from. It is an error to pass in a start index past the end of the
     *            array.
     * @param endIndex
     *            the index to stop joining from (exclusive). It is an error to pass in an end index past the end of
     *            the array.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static String join(final short[] array, final char delimiter, final int startIndex, final int endIndex) {
        // See StringUtilsJoinBenchmark
        if (array == null) {
            return null;
        }
        checkFromToIndex(startIndex, endIndex, array.length);
        final int count = endIndex - startIndex;
        if (count <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final byte maxElementChars = 6; // "-32768"
        final StringBuilder stringBuilder = capacity(count, maxElementChars);
        stringBuilder.append(array[startIndex]);
        for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++) {
            stringBuilder.append(delimiter).append(array[i]);
        }
        return stringBuilder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided array into a single String containing the provided list of elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No separator is added to the joined String. Null objects or empty strings within the array are represented by empty strings.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.join(null)            = null
     * StringUtils.join([])              = ""
     * StringUtils.join([null])          = ""
     * StringUtils.join("a", "b", "c")   = "abc"
     * StringUtils.join(null, "", "a")   = "a"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param <T>      the specific type of values to join together.
     * @param elements The values to join together, may be null.
     * @return The joined String, {@code null} if null array input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature to use varargs
     */
    @SafeVarargs
    public static <T> String join(final T... elements) {
        return join(elements, null);
    }

    /**
     * Joins the elements of the provided varargs into a single String containing the provided elements.
     *
     * <p>
     * No delimiter is added before or after the list. {@code null} elements and separator are treated as empty Strings ("").
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.joinWith(",", "a", "b")        = "a,b"
     * StringUtils.joinWith(",", "a", "b","")     = "a,b,"
     * StringUtils.joinWith(",", "a", null, "b")  = "a,,b"
     * StringUtils.joinWith(null, "a", "b")       = "ab"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param delimiter The separator character to use, null treated as "".
     * @param array     The varargs providing the values to join together. {@code null} elements are treated as "".
     * @return The joined String.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if a null varargs is provided.
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static String joinWith(final String delimiter, final Object... array) {
        if (array == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Object varargs must not be null");
        }
        return join(array, delimiter);
    }

    /**
     * Finds the last index within a CharSequence, handling {@code null}. This method uses {@link String#lastIndexOf(String)} if possible.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf(*, null)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("", "")           = 0
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a")  = 7
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b")  = 5
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab") = 4
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "")   = 8
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchSeq The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @return The last index of the search String, -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOf(String, String) to lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CS.lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int lastIndexOf(final CharSequence seq, final CharSequence searchSeq) {
        return Strings.CS.lastIndexOf(seq, searchSeq);
    }

    /**
     * Finds the last index within a CharSequence, handling {@code null}. This method uses {@link String#lastIndexOf(String, int)} if possible.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}. A negative start position returns {@code -1}. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches unless
     * the start position is negative. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string. The search starts at the startPos and works
     * backwards; matches starting after the start position are ignored.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 8)  = 7
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 8)  = 5
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 8) = 4
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 9)  = 5
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", -1) = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 0)  = 0
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 0)  = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 1)  = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 2)  = 2
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ba", 2)  = 2
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchSeq The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @param startPos  The start position, negative treated as zero.
     * @return The last index of the search CharSequence (always &le; startPos), -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOf(String, String, int) to lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int) Strings.CS.lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int lastIndexOf(final CharSequence seq, final CharSequence searchSeq, final int startPos) {
        return Strings.CS.lastIndexOf(seq, searchSeq, startPos);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within {@code seq} of the last occurrence of the specified character. For values of {@code searchChar} in the range from 0 to 0xFFFF
     * (inclusive), the index (in Unicode code units) returned is the largest value <em>k</em> such that:
     *
     * <pre>
     * this.charAt(<em>k</em>) == searchChar
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * is true. For other values of {@code searchChar}, it is the largest value <em>k</em> such that:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * this.codePointAt(<em>k</em>) == searchChar
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in this string, then {@code -1} is returned. Furthermore, a {@code null} or empty ("")
     * {@link CharSequence} will return {@code -1}. The {@code seq} {@link CharSequence} object is searched backwards starting at the last character.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *)         = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("", *)           = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'a') = 7
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b') = 5
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq        The {@link CharSequence} to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChar The character to find.
     * @return The last index of the search character, -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOf(String, int) to lastIndexOf(CharSequence, int)
     * @since 3.6 Updated {@link CharSequenceUtils} call to behave more like {@link String}
     */
    public static int lastIndexOf(final CharSequence seq, final int searchChar) {
        if (isEmpty(seq)) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        return CharSequenceUtils.lastIndexOf(seq, searchChar, seq.length());
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within {@code seq} of the last occurrence of the specified character, searching backward starting at the specified index. For values of
     * {@code searchChar} in the range from 0 to 0xFFFF (inclusive), the index returned is the largest value <em>k</em> such that:
     *
     * <pre>
     * (this.charAt(<em>k</em>) == searchChar) &amp;&amp; (<em>k</em> &lt;= startPos)
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * is true. For other values of {@code searchChar}, it is the largest value <em>k</em> such that:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * (this.codePointAt(<em>k</em>) == searchChar) &amp;&amp; (<em>k</em> &lt;= startPos)
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in {@code seq} at or before position {@code startPos}, then {@code -1} is returned. Furthermore, a
     * {@code null} or empty ("") {@link CharSequence} will return {@code -1}. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string. The
     * search starts at the {@code startPos} and works backwards; matches starting after the start position are ignored.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * All indices are specified in {@code char} values (Unicode code units).
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("", *,  *)           = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 8)  = 5
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 4)  = 2
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 0)  = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', 9)  = 5
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'b', -1) = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOf("aabaabaa", 'a', 0)  = 0
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param seq        The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchChar The character to find.
     * @param startPos   The start position.
     * @return The last index of the search character (always &le; startPos), -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.0
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOf(String, int, int) to lastIndexOf(CharSequence, int, int)
     */
    public static int lastIndexOf(final CharSequence seq, final int searchChar, final int startPos) {
        if (isEmpty(seq)) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        return CharSequenceUtils.lastIndexOf(seq, searchChar, startPos);
    }

    /**
     * Finds the latest index of any substring in a set of potential substrings.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}. A {@code null} search array will return {@code -1}. A {@code null} or zero length search array entry
     * will be ignored, but a search array containing "" will return the length of {@code str} if {@code str} is not null. This method uses
     * {@link String#indexOf(String)} if possible
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(null, *)                    = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(*, null)                    = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(*, [])                      = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny(*, [null])                  = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["ab", "cd"]) = 6
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["cd", "ab"]) = 6
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn", "op"]) = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn", "op"]) = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfAny("zzabyycdxx", ["mn", ""])   = 10
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str        The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStrs The CharSequences to search for, may be null.
     * @return The last index of any of the CharSequences, -1 if no match.
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOfAny(String, String[]) to lastIndexOfAny(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     */
    public static int lastIndexOfAny(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence... searchStrs) {
        if (str == null || searchStrs == null) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        int ret = INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        int tmp;
        for (final CharSequence search : searchStrs) {
            if (search == null) {
                continue;
            }
            tmp = CharSequenceUtils.lastIndexOf(str, search, str.length());
            if (tmp > ret) {
                ret = tmp;
            }
        }
        return ret;
    }

    /**
     * Case insensitive find of the last index within a CharSequence.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}. A negative start position returns {@code -1}. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches unless
     * the start position is negative. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(null, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(*, null)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A")  = 7
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B")  = 5
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "AB") = 4
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStr The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @return The first index of the search CharSequence, -1 if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.5
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(String, String) to lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CI.lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence searchStr) {
        return Strings.CI.lastIndexOf(str, searchStr);
    }

    /**
     * Case insensitive find of the last index within a CharSequence from the specified position.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}. A negative start position returns {@code -1}. An empty ("") search CharSequence always matches unless
     * the start position is negative. A start position greater than the string length searches the whole string. The search starts at the startPos and works
     * backwards; matches starting after the start position are ignored.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(null, *, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(*, null, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A", 8)  = 7
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 8)  = 5
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "AB", 8) = 4
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 9)  = 5
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", -1) = -1
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "A", 0)  = 0
     * StringUtils.lastIndexOfIgnoreCase("aabaabaa", "B", 0)  = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStr The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @param startPos  The start position.
     * @return The last index of the search CharSequence (always &le; startPos), -1 if no match or {@code null} input.
     * @since 2.5
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(String, String, int) to lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int) Strings.CI.lastIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int lastIndexOfIgnoreCase(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence searchStr, final int startPos) {
        return Strings.CI.lastIndexOf(str, searchStr, startPos);
    }

    /**
     * Finds the n-th last index within a String, handling {@code null}. This method uses {@link String#lastIndexOf(String)}.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} String will return {@code -1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("", "", *)           = 0
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 1)  = 7
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 2)  = 6
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 1)  = 5
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 2)  = 2
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 1) = 4
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 2) = 1
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 1)   = 8
     * StringUtils.lastOrdinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 8
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * Note that 'tail(CharSequence str, int n)' may be implemented as:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * str.substring(lastOrdinalIndexOf(str, "\n", n) + 1)
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStr The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @param ordinal   The n-th last {@code searchStr} to find.
     * @return The n-th last index of the search CharSequence, {@code -1} ({@code INDEX_NOT_FOUND}) if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.5
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from lastOrdinalIndexOf(String, String, int) to lastOrdinalIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)
     */
    public static int lastOrdinalIndexOf(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence searchStr, final int ordinal) {
        return ordinalIndexOf(str, searchStr, ordinal, true);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the leftmost {@code len} characters of a String.
     *
     * <p>
     * If {@code len} characters are not available, or the String is {@code null}, the String will be returned without an exception. An empty String is returned
     * if len is negative.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.left(null, *)    = null
     * StringUtils.left(*, -ve)     = ""
     * StringUtils.left("", *)      = ""
     * StringUtils.left("abc", 0)   = ""
     * StringUtils.left("abc", 2)   = "ab"
     * StringUtils.left("abc", 4)   = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to get the leftmost characters from, may be null.
     * @param len The length of the required String.
     * @return The leftmost characters, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String left(final String str, final int len) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (len < 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        if (str.length() <= len) {
            return str;
        }
        int cut = len;
        // keep the cut off the middle of a surrogate pair so the result is never left holding a lone surrogate
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, cut)) {
            cut--;
        }
        return str.substring(0, cut);
    }

    /**
     * Left pad a String with spaces (' ').
     *
     * <p>
     * The String is padded to the size of {@code size}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.leftPad(null, *)   = null
     * StringUtils.leftPad("", 3)     = "   "
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 3)  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5)  = "  bat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 1)  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", -1) = "bat"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  The String to pad out, may be null.
     * @param size The size to pad to.
     * @return left padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String leftPad(final String str, final int size) {
        return leftPad(str, size, ' ');
    }

    /**
     * Left pad a String with a specified character.
     *
     * <p>
     * Pad to a size of {@code size}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.leftPad(null, *, *)     = null
     * StringUtils.leftPad("", 3, 'z')     = "zzz"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 3, 'z')  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, 'z')  = "zzbat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 1, 'z')  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", -1, 'z') = "bat"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str     The String to pad out, may be null.
     * @param size    The size to pad to.
     * @param padChar The character to pad with.
     * @return left padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String leftPad(final String str, final int size, final char padChar) {
        if (str == null || size <= str.length()) {
            return str;
        }
        final int pads = size - str.length();
        if (pads <= 0) {
            return str; // returns original String when possible
        }
        if (pads > PAD_LIMIT) {
            return leftPad(str, size, String.valueOf(padChar));
        }
        return repeat(padChar, pads).concat(str);
    }

    /**
     * Left pad a String with a specified String.
     *
     * <p>
     * Pad to a size of {@code size}. If the requested padding length would split a Unicode surrogate pair in {@code padStr},
     * the padding is shortened by one {@code char} to avoid introducing an unpaired surrogate by splitting the pair. In that case, the
     * returned String has a length of {@code size - 1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.leftPad(null, *, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.leftPad("", 3, "z")      = "zzz"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 3, "yz")  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, "yz")  = "yzbat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 8, "yz")  = "yzyzybat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 1, "yz")  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", -1, "yz") = "bat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, null)  = "  bat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("bat", 5, "")    = "  bat"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("a", 2, "\uD83D\uDE00")    = "a"
     * StringUtils.leftPad("a", 3, "\uD83D\uDE00")    = "\uD83D\uDE00a"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The String to pad out, may be null.
     * @param size   The size to pad to.
     * @param padStr The String to pad with, null or empty treated as single space.
     * @return left padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String leftPad(final String str, final int size, String padStr) {
        if (str == null || size <= str.length()) {
            return str;
        }
        if (isEmpty(padStr)) {
            padStr = SPACE;
        }
        final int padLen = padStr.length();
        final int strLen = str.length();
        int pads = size - strLen;
        if (pads <= 0) {
            return str; // returns original String when possible
        }
        if (padLen == 1 && pads <= PAD_LIMIT) {
            return leftPad(str, size, padStr.charAt(0));
        }
        // Keep the padding boundary off the middle of a surrogate pair to avoid introducing a lone surrogate.
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(padStr, pads % padLen)) {
            pads--;
        }
        if (pads <= 0) {
            return str;
        }
        if (pads == padLen) {
            return padStr.concat(str);
        }
        if (pads < padLen) {
            return padStr.substring(0, pads).concat(str);
        }
        final char[] padding = new char[pads];
        final char[] padChars = padStr.toCharArray();
        for (int i = 0; i < pads; i++) {
            padding[i] = padChars[i % padLen];
        }
        return new String(padding).concat(str);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a CharSequence length or {@code 0} if the CharSequence is {@code null}.
     *
     * @param cs A CharSequence or {@code null}.
     * @return CharSequence length or {@code 0} if the CharSequence is {@code null}.
     * @since 2.4
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from length(String) to length(CharSequence)
     */
    public static int length(final CharSequence cs) {
        return cs == null ? 0 : cs.length();
    }

    /**
     * Converts a String to lower case as per {@link String#toLowerCase()}.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.lowerCase(null)  = null
     * StringUtils.lowerCase("")    = ""
     * StringUtils.lowerCase("aBc") = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note:</strong> As described in the documentation for {@link String#toLowerCase()}, the result of this method is affected by the current locale.
     * For platform-independent case transformations, the method {@link #lowerCase(String, Locale)} should be used with a specific locale (e.g.
     * {@link Locale#ENGLISH}).
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str The String to lower case, may be null.
     * @return The lower cased String, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String lowerCase(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return str.toLowerCase();
    }

    /**
     * Converts a String to lower case as per {@link String#toLowerCase(Locale)}.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.lowerCase(null, Locale.ENGLISH)  = null
     * StringUtils.lowerCase("", Locale.ENGLISH)    = ""
     * StringUtils.lowerCase("aBc", Locale.ENGLISH) = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The String to lower case, may be null.
     * @param locale The locale that defines the case transformation rules, must not be null.
     * @return The lower cased String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static String lowerCase(final String str, final Locale locale) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return str.toLowerCase(LocaleUtils.toLocale(locale));
    }

    private static int[] matches(final CharSequence first, final CharSequence second) {
        final CharSequence max;
        final CharSequence min;
        if (first.length() > second.length()) {
            max = first;
            min = second;
        } else {
            max = second;
            min = first;
        }
        final int range = Math.max(max.length() / 2 - 1, 0);
        final int[] matchIndexes = ArrayFill.fill(new int[min.length()], -1);
        final boolean[] matchFlags = new boolean[max.length()];
        int matches = 0;
        for (int mi = 0; mi < min.length(); mi++) {
            final char c1 = min.charAt(mi);
            for (int xi = Math.max(mi - range, 0), xn = Math.min(mi + range + 1, max.length()); xi < xn; xi++) {
                if (!matchFlags[xi] && c1 == max.charAt(xi)) {
                    matchIndexes[mi] = xi;
                    matchFlags[xi] = true;
                    matches++;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        final char[] ms1 = new char[matches];
        final char[] ms2 = new char[matches];
        for (int i = 0, si = 0; i < min.length(); i++) {
            if (matchIndexes[i] != -1) {
                ms1[si] = min.charAt(i);
                si++;
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0, si = 0; i < max.length(); i++) {
            if (matchFlags[i]) {
                ms2[si] = max.charAt(i);
                si++;
            }
        }
        int transpositions = 0;
        for (int mi = 0; mi < ms1.length; mi++) {
            if (ms1[mi] != ms2[mi]) {
                transpositions++;
            }
        }
        int prefix = 0;
        for (int mi = 0; mi < min.length(); mi++) {
            if (first.charAt(mi) != second.charAt(mi)) {
                break;
            }
            prefix++;
        }
        return new int[] { matches, transpositions / 2, prefix, max.length() };
    }

    /**
     * Gets {@code len} characters from the middle of a String.
     *
     * <p>
     * If {@code len} characters are not available, the remainder of the String will be returned without an exception. If the String is {@code null},
     * {@code null} will be returned. An empty String is returned if len is negative or exceeds the length of {@code str}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.mid(null, *, *)    = null
     * StringUtils.mid(*, *, -ve)     = ""
     * StringUtils.mid("", 0, *)      = ""
     * StringUtils.mid("abc", 0, 2)   = "ab"
     * StringUtils.mid("abc", 0, 4)   = "abc"
     * StringUtils.mid("abc", 2, 4)   = "c"
     * StringUtils.mid("abc", 4, 2)   = ""
     * StringUtils.mid("abc", -2, 2)  = "ab"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to get the characters from, may be null.
     * @param pos The position to start from, negative treated as zero.
     * @param len The length of the required String.
     * @return The middle characters, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String mid(final String str, int pos, final int len) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (len < 0 || pos > str.length()) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        if (pos < 0) {
            pos = 0;
        }
        int start = pos;
        // keep the start off the middle of a surrogate pair so the result is never left holding a lone surrogate
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, start)) {
            start++;
        }
        if (str.length() - pos <= len) {
            return str.substring(start);
        }
        int end = pos + len;
        // keep both cuts off the middle of a surrogate pair so the result is never left holding a lone surrogate
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, end)) {
            end--;
        }
        return str.substring(start, Math.max(start, end));
    }

    /**
     * Normalizes whitespace in a String.
     *
     * <p>Removes leading and trailing whitespace and replaces each remaining sequence of characters recognized by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}
     * with a single ordinary space ({@code U+0020}). This includes Unicode whitespace beyond the characters matched by the default regular expression
     * {@code \s}, such as EM SPACE ({@code U+2003}).</p>
     *
     * <p>Additionally, converts each non-breaking space ({@code U+00A0}) to an ordinary space, even though {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)} excludes it.
     * These conversions do not collapse adjacent spaces: for example, <code>"a&#92;u00A0&#92;u00A0b"</code> becomes {@code "a  b"}. Finally,
     * {@link String#trim()} removes
     * leading and trailing characters whose values are at most {@code U+0020}, including converted non-breaking spaces. Other non-breaking spaces, such as
     * FIGURE SPACE ({@code U+2007}) and NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE ({@code U+202F}), are preserved.</p>
     *
     * <p>This method was inspired by XPath's
     * <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#function-normalize-space">normalize-space</a> function, but does not reproduce its behavior.
     * XPath normalizes only XML
     * whitespace ({@code U+0020}, {@code U+0009}, {@code U+000D}, and {@code U+000A}) and preserves non-breaking spaces. This method additionally normalizes
     * Java whitespace, converts {@code U+00A0}, and trims leading and trailing control characters as described above.</p>
     *
     * @param str The source String to normalize whitespaces from, may be null.
     * @return The modified string with whitespace normalized, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @see Character#isWhitespace(char)
     * @see #trim(String)
     * @see <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#function-normalize-space">https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#function-normalize-space</a>
     * @since 3.0
     */
    public static String normalizeSpace(final String str) {
        // LANG-1020: Improved performance significantly by normalizing manually instead of using regex
        // See https://github.com/librucha/commons-lang-normalizespaces-benchmark for performance test
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        final int size = str.length();
        final char[] newChars = new char[size];
        int count = 0;
        int whitespacesCount = 0;
        boolean startWhitespaces = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            final char actualChar = str.charAt(i);
            final boolean isWhitespace = Character.isWhitespace(actualChar);
            if (isWhitespace) {
                if (whitespacesCount == 0 && !startWhitespaces) {
                    newChars[count++] = SPACE.charAt(0);
                }
                whitespacesCount++;
            } else {
                startWhitespaces = false;
                newChars[count++] = actualChar == 160 ? 32 : actualChar;
                whitespacesCount = 0;
            }
        }
        if (startWhitespaces) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return new String(newChars, 0, count - (whitespacesCount > 0 ? 1 : 0)).trim();
    }

    /**
     * Finds the n-th index within a CharSequence, handling {@code null}. This method uses {@link String#indexOf(String)} if possible.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note:</strong> The code starts looking for a match at the start of the target, incrementing the starting index by one after each successful match
     * (unless {@code searchStr} is an empty string, in which case the position is never incremented and {@code 0} is returned immediately). This means that
     * matches may overlap.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf(null, *, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf(*, null, *)          = -1
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("", "", *)           = 0
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 1)  = 0
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "a", 2)  = 1
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 1)  = 2
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "b", 2)  = 5
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 1) = 1
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "ab", 2) = 4
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 1)   = 0
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("aabaabaa", "", 2)   = 0
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * Matches may overlap:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("ababab", "aba", 1)   = 0
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("ababab", "aba", 2)   = 2
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("ababab", "aba", 3)   = -1
     *
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("abababab", "abab", 1) = 0
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("abababab", "abab", 2) = 2
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("abababab", "abab", 3) = 4
     * StringUtils.ordinalIndexOf("abababab", "abab", 4) = -1
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * Note that 'head(CharSequence str, int n)' may be implemented as:
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * str.substring(0, lastOrdinalIndexOf(str, "\n", n))
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStr The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @param ordinal   The n-th {@code searchStr} to find.
     * @return The n-th index of the search CharSequence, {@code -1} ({@code INDEX_NOT_FOUND}) if no match or {@code null} string input.
     * @since 2.1
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from ordinalIndexOf(String, String, int) to ordinalIndexOf(CharSequence, CharSequence, int)
     */
    public static int ordinalIndexOf(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence searchStr, final int ordinal) {
        return ordinalIndexOf(str, searchStr, ordinal, false);
    }

    /**
     * Finds the n-th index within a String, handling {@code null}. This method uses {@link String#indexOf(String)} if possible.
     * <p>
     * Note that matches may overlap.
     * <p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} CharSequence will return {@code -1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str       The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStr The CharSequence to find, may be null.
     * @param ordinal   The n-th {@code searchStr} to find, overlapping matches are allowed.
     * @param lastIndex true if lastOrdinalIndexOf() otherwise false if ordinalIndexOf().
     * @return The n-th index of the search CharSequence, {@code -1} ({@code INDEX_NOT_FOUND}) if no match or {@code null} string input.
     */
    // Shared code between ordinalIndexOf(String, String, int) and lastOrdinalIndexOf(String, String, int)
    private static int ordinalIndexOf(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence searchStr, final int ordinal, final boolean lastIndex) {
        if (str == null || searchStr == null || ordinal <= 0) {
            return INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        }
        if (isEmpty(searchStr)) {
            return lastIndex ? str.length() : 0;
        }
        int found = 0;
        // set the initial index beyond the end of the string
        // this is to allow for the initial index decrement/increment
        int index = lastIndex ? str.length() : INDEX_NOT_FOUND;
        do {
            if (lastIndex) {
                index = CharSequenceUtils.lastIndexOf(str, searchStr, index - 1); // step backwards through string
            } else {
                index = CharSequenceUtils.indexOf(str, searchStr, index + 1); // step forwards through string
            }
            if (index < 0) {
                return index;
            }
            found++;
        } while (found < ordinal);
        return index;
    }

    /**
     * Overlays part of a String with another String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} string input returns {@code null}. A negative index is treated as zero. An index greater than the string length is treated as the string
     * length. The start index is always the smaller of the two indices.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.overlay(null, *, *, *)            = null
     * StringUtils.overlay("", "abc", 0, 0)          = "abc"
     * StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", null, 2, 4)     = "abef"
     * StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "", 2, 4)       = "abef"
     * StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "", 4, 2)       = "abef"
     * StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 2, 4)   = "abzzzzef"
     * StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 4, 2)   = "abzzzzef"
     * StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", -1, 4)  = "zzzzef"
     * StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 2, 8)   = "abzzzz"
     * StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", -2, -3) = "zzzzabcdef"
     * StringUtils.overlay("abcdef", "zzzz", 8, 10)  = "abcdefzzzz"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str     The String to do overlaying in, may be null.
     * @param overlay The String to overlay, may be null.
     * @param start   The position to start overlaying at.
     * @param end     The position to stop overlaying before.
     * @return overlaid String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String overlay(final String str, String overlay, int start, int end) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (overlay == null) {
            overlay = EMPTY;
        }
        final int len = str.length();
        if (start < 0) {
            start = 0;
        }
        if (start > len) {
            start = len;
        }
        if (end < 0) {
            end = 0;
        }
        if (end > len) {
            end = len;
        }
        if (start > end) {
            final int temp = start;
            start = end;
            end = temp;
        }
        // keep both cuts off the middle of a surrogate pair so the result is never left holding a lone surrogate
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, start)) {
            start--;
        }
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, end)) {
            end++;
        }
        return str.substring(0, start) + overlay + str.substring(end);
    }

    /**
     * Prepends the prefix to the start of the string if the string does not already start with any of the prefixes.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing(null, null) = null
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", null) = "abc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("", "xyz") = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", "xyz") = "xyzabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("xyzabc", "xyz") = "xyzabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("XYZabc", "xyz") = "xyzXYZabc"
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * With additional prefixes,
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing(null, null, null) = null
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", null, null) = "abc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("", "xyz", null) = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", "xyz", new CharSequence[]{null}) = "xyzabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", "xyz", "") = "abc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("abc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("xyzabc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("mnoabc", "xyz", "mno") = "mnoabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("XYZabc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzXYZabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissing("MNOabc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzMNOabc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The string.
     * @param prefix   The prefix to prepend to the start of the string.
     * @param prefixes Additional prefixes that are valid.
     * @return A new String if prefix was prepended, the same string otherwise.
     * @since 3.2
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#prependIfMissing(String, CharSequence, CharSequence...) Strings.CS.prependIfMissing(String, CharSequence,
     *             CharSequence...)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String prependIfMissing(final String str, final CharSequence prefix, final CharSequence... prefixes) {
        return Strings.CS.prependIfMissing(str, prefix, prefixes);
    }

    /**
     * Prepends the prefix to the start of the string if the string does not already start, case-insensitive, with any of the prefixes.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase(null, null) = null
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", null) = "abc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("", "xyz") = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz") = "xyzabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("xyzabc", "xyz") = "xyzabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("XYZabc", "xyz") = "XYZabc"
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * With additional prefixes,
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase(null, null, null) = null
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", null, null) = "abc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("", "xyz", null) = "xyz"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", new CharSequence[]{null}) = "xyzabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", "") = "abc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("abc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("xyzabc", "xyz", "mno") = "xyzabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("mnoabc", "xyz", "mno") = "mnoabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("XYZabc", "xyz", "mno") = "XYZabc"
     * StringUtils.prependIfMissingIgnoreCase("MNOabc", "xyz", "mno") = "MNOabc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The string.
     * @param prefix   The prefix to prepend to the start of the string.
     * @param prefixes Additional prefixes that are valid (optional).
     * @return A new String if prefix was prepended, the same string otherwise.
     * @since 3.2
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#prependIfMissing(String, CharSequence, CharSequence...) Strings.CI.prependIfMissing(String, CharSequence,
     *             CharSequence...)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String prependIfMissingIgnoreCase(final String str, final CharSequence prefix, final CharSequence... prefixes) {
        return Strings.CI.prependIfMissing(str, prefix, prefixes);
    }

    /**
     * Removes all occurrences of a character from within the source string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} source string will return {@code null}. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.remove(null, *)       = null
     * StringUtils.remove("", *)         = ""
     * StringUtils.remove("queued", 'u') = "qeed"
     * StringUtils.remove("queued", 'z') = "queued"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The source String to search, may be null.
     * @param remove The char to search for and remove, may be null.
     * @return The substring with the char removed if found, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static String remove(final String str, final char remove) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || str.indexOf(remove) == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
            return str;
        }
        final char[] chars = str.toCharArray();
        int pos = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
            if (chars[i] != remove) {
                chars[pos++] = chars[i];
            }
        }
        return new String(chars, 0, pos);
    }

    /**
     * Removes all occurrences of a substring from within the source string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} source string will return {@code null}. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A {@code null} remove string will return
     * the source string. An empty ("") remove string will return the source string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.remove(null, *)        = null
     * StringUtils.remove("", *)          = ""
     * StringUtils.remove(*, null)        = *
     * StringUtils.remove(*, "")          = *
     * StringUtils.remove("queued", "ue") = "qd"
     * StringUtils.remove("queued", "zz") = "queued"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The source String to search, may be null.
     * @param remove The String to search for and remove, may be null.
     * @return The substring with the string removed if found, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.1
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#remove(String, String) Strings.CS.remove(String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String remove(final String str, final String remove) {
        return Strings.CS.remove(str, remove);
    }

    /**
     * Removes each substring of the text String that matches the given regular expression.
     *
     * This method is a {@code null} safe equivalent to:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code text.replaceAll(regex, StringUtils.EMPTY)}</li>
     * <li>{@code Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(text).replaceAll(StringUtils.EMPTY)}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Unlike in the {@link #removePattern(String, String)} method, the {@link Pattern#DOTALL} option is NOT automatically added. To use the DOTALL option
     * prepend {@code "(?s)"} to the regex. DOTALL is also known as single-line mode in Perl.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.removeAll(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.removeAll("any", (String) null)  = "any"
     * StringUtils.removeAll("any", "")    = "any"
     * StringUtils.removeAll("any", ".*")  = ""
     * StringUtils.removeAll("any", ".+")  = ""
     * StringUtils.removeAll("abc", ".?")  = ""
     * StringUtils.removeAll("A<__>\n<__>B", "<.*>")      = "A\nB"
     * StringUtils.removeAll("A<__>\n<__>B", "(?s)<.*>")  = "AB"
     * StringUtils.removeAll("ABCabc123abc", "[a-z]")     = "ABC123"
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param text  text to remove from, may be null.
     * @param regex The regular expression to which this string is to be matched.
     * @return The text with any removes processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws java.util.regex.PatternSyntaxException Thrown if the regular expression's syntax is invalid.
     * @see #replaceAll(String, String, String)
     * @see #removePattern(String, String)
     * @see String#replaceAll(String, String)
     * @see java.util.regex.Pattern
     * @see java.util.regex.Pattern#DOTALL
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link RegExUtils#removeAll(String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String removeAll(final String text, final String regex) {
        return RegExUtils.removeAll(text, regex);
    }

    /**
     * Removes a substring only if it is at the end of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} source string will return {@code null}. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A {@code null} search string will return
     * the source string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.removeEnd(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.removeEnd("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.removeEnd(*, null)      = *
     * StringUtils.removeEnd("www.domain.com", ".com.")  = "www.domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeEnd("www.domain.com", ".com")   = "www.domain"
     * StringUtils.removeEnd("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeEnd("abc", "")    = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The source String to search, may be null.
     * @param remove The String to search for and remove, may be null.
     * @return The substring with the string removed if found, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.1
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#removeEnd(String, CharSequence) Strings.CS.removeEnd(String, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String removeEnd(final String str, final String remove) {
        return Strings.CS.removeEnd(str, remove);
    }

    /**
     * Case-insensitive removal of a substring if it is at the end of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} source string will return {@code null}. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A {@code null} search string will return
     * the source string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase(*, null)      = *
     * StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", ".com.")  = "www.domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", ".com")   = "www.domain"
     * StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("abc", "")    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", ".COM") = "www.domain"
     * StringUtils.removeEndIgnoreCase("www.domain.COM", ".com") = "www.domain"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The source String to search, may be null.
     * @param remove The String to search for (case-insensitive) and remove, may be null.
     * @return The substring with the string removed if found, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.4
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#removeEnd(String, CharSequence) Strings.CI.removeEnd(String, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String removeEndIgnoreCase(final String str, final String remove) {
        return Strings.CI.removeEnd(str, remove);
    }

    /**
     * Removes the first substring of the text string that matches the given regular expression.
     *
     * This method is a {@code null} safe equivalent to:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code text.replaceFirst(regex, StringUtils.EMPTY)}</li>
     * <li>{@code Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(text).replaceFirst(StringUtils.EMPTY)}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * The {@link Pattern#DOTALL} option is NOT automatically added. To use the DOTALL option prepend {@code "(?s)"} to the regex. DOTALL is also known as
     * single-line mode in Perl.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.removeFirst(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.removeFirst("any", (String) null)  = "any"
     * StringUtils.removeFirst("any", "")    = "any"
     * StringUtils.removeFirst("any", ".*")  = ""
     * StringUtils.removeFirst("any", ".+")  = ""
     * StringUtils.removeFirst("abc", ".?")  = "bc"
     * StringUtils.removeFirst("A<__>\n<__>B", "<.*>")      = "A\n<__>B"
     * StringUtils.removeFirst("A<__>\n<__>B", "(?s)<.*>")  = "AB"
     * StringUtils.removeFirst("ABCabc123", "[a-z]")          = "ABCbc123"
     * StringUtils.removeFirst("ABCabc123abc", "[a-z]+")      = "ABC123abc"
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param text  text to remove from, may be null.
     * @param regex The regular expression to which this string is to be matched.
     * @return The text with the first replacement processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws java.util.regex.PatternSyntaxException Thrown if the regular expression's syntax is invalid.
     * @see #replaceFirst(String, String, String)
     * @see String#replaceFirst(String, String)
     * @see java.util.regex.Pattern
     * @see java.util.regex.Pattern#DOTALL
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link RegExUtils#replaceFirst(String, String, String) RegExUtils.replaceFirst(String, String, EMPTY)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String removeFirst(final String text, final String regex) {
        return replaceFirst(text, regex, EMPTY);
    }

    /**
     * Case-insensitive removal of all occurrences of a substring from within the source string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} source string will return {@code null}. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A {@code null} remove string will return
     * the source string. An empty ("") remove string will return the source string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.removeIgnoreCase(null, *)        = null
     * StringUtils.removeIgnoreCase("", *)          = ""
     * StringUtils.removeIgnoreCase(*, null)        = *
     * StringUtils.removeIgnoreCase(*, "")          = *
     * StringUtils.removeIgnoreCase("queued", "ue") = "qd"
     * StringUtils.removeIgnoreCase("queued", "zz") = "queued"
     * StringUtils.removeIgnoreCase("quEUed", "UE") = "qd"
     * StringUtils.removeIgnoreCase("queued", "zZ") = "queued"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The source String to search, may be null.
     * @param remove The String to search for (case-insensitive) and remove, may be null.
     * @return The substring with the string removed if found, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#remove(String, String) Strings.CI.remove(String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String removeIgnoreCase(final String str, final String remove) {
        return Strings.CI.remove(str, remove);
    }

    /**
     * Removes each substring of the source String that matches the given regular expression using the DOTALL option.
     *
     * This call is a {@code null} safe equivalent to:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code source.replaceAll(&quot;(?s)&quot; + regex, StringUtils.EMPTY)}</li>
     * <li>{@code Pattern.compile(regex, Pattern.DOTALL).matcher(source).replaceAll(StringUtils.EMPTY)}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.removePattern(null, *)       = null
     * StringUtils.removePattern("any", (String) null)   = "any"
     * StringUtils.removePattern("A<__>\n<__>B", "<.*>")  = "AB"
     * StringUtils.removePattern("ABCabc123", "[a-z]")    = "ABC123"
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param source The source string.
     * @param regex  The regular expression to which this string is to be matched.
     * @return The resulting {@link String}.
     * @see #replacePattern(String, String, String)
     * @see String#replaceAll(String, String)
     * @see Pattern#DOTALL
     * @since 3.2
     * @since 3.5 Changed {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * @deprecated Use {@link RegExUtils#removePattern(CharSequence, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String removePattern(final String source, final String regex) {
        return RegExUtils.removePattern(source, regex);
    }

    /**
     * Removes a char only if it is at the beginning of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} source string will return {@code null}. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.removeStart(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.removeStart("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.removeStart("/path", '/') = "path"
     * StringUtils.removeStart("path", '/')  = "path"
     * StringUtils.removeStart("path", '\0') = "path"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The source String to search, may be null.
     * @param remove The char to search for and remove.
     * @return The substring with the char removed if found, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 3.13.0
     */
    public static String removeStart(final String str, final char remove) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        return str.charAt(0) == remove ? str.substring(1) : str;
    }

    /**
     * Removes a substring only if it is at the beginning of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} source string will return {@code null}. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A {@code null} search string will return
     * the source string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.removeStart(null, *)                    = null
     * StringUtils.removeStart("", *)                      = ""
     * StringUtils.removeStart(*, null)                    = *
     * StringUtils.removeStart("www.domain.com", "www.")   = "domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeStart("domain.com", "www.")       = "domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeStart("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeStart("abc", "")                  = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The source String to search, may be null.
     * @param remove The String to search for and remove, may be null.
     * @return The substring with the string removed if found, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.1
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#removeStart(String, CharSequence) Strings.CS.removeStart(String, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String removeStart(final String str, final String remove) {
        return Strings.CS.removeStart(str, remove);
    }

    /**
     * Case-insensitive removal of a substring if it is at the beginning of a source string, otherwise returns the source string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} source string will return {@code null}. An empty ("") source string will return the empty string. A {@code null} search string will return
     * the source string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase(null, *)                    = null
     * StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("", *)                      = ""
     * StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase(*, null)                    = *
     * StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "www.")   = "domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "WWW.")   = "domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("domain.com", "www.")       = "domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("www.domain.com", "domain") = "www.domain.com"
     * StringUtils.removeStartIgnoreCase("abc", "")                  = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The source String to search, may be null.
     * @param remove The String to search for (case-insensitive) and remove, may be null.
     * @return The substring with the string removed if found, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.4
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#removeStart(String, CharSequence) Strings.CI.removeStart(String, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String removeStartIgnoreCase(final String str, final String remove) {
        return Strings.CI.removeStart(str, remove);
    }

    /**
     * Returns padding using the specified delimiter repeated to a given length.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.repeat('e', 0)  = ""
     * StringUtils.repeat('e', 3)  = "eee"
     * StringUtils.repeat('e', -2) = ""
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * Note: this method does not support padding with <a href="https://www.unicode.org/glossary/#supplementary_character">Unicode Supplementary Characters</a>
     * as they require a pair of {@code char}s to be represented. If you are needing to support full I18N of your applications consider using
     * {@link #repeat(String, int)} instead.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param repeat character to repeat.
     * @param count  number of times to repeat char, negative treated as zero.
     * @return String with repeated character.
     * @see #repeat(String, int)
     */
    public static String repeat(final char repeat, final int count) {
        if (count <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return new String(ArrayFill.fill(new char[count], repeat));
    }

    /**
     * Repeats a String {@code repeat} times to form a new String.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.repeat(null, 2) = null
     * StringUtils.repeat("", 0)   = ""
     * StringUtils.repeat("", 2)   = ""
     * StringUtils.repeat("a", 3)  = "aaa"
     * StringUtils.repeat("ab", 2) = "abab"
     * StringUtils.repeat("a", -2) = ""
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param repeat The String to repeat, may be null.
     * @param count  number of times to repeat str, negative treated as zero.
     * @return A new String consisting of the original String repeated, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String repeat(final String repeat, final int count) {
        // Performance tuned for 2.0 (JDK1.4)
        if (repeat == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (count <= 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final int inputLength = repeat.length();
        if (count == 1 || inputLength == 0) {
            return repeat;
        }
        if (inputLength == 1 && count <= PAD_LIMIT) {
            return repeat(repeat.charAt(0), count);
        }
        final int outputLength;
        try {
            outputLength = Math.multiplyExact(inputLength, count);
        } catch (final Exception e) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The requested result is too large for a String.");
        }
        switch (inputLength) {
        case 1:
            return repeat(repeat.charAt(0), count);
        case 2:
            final char ch0 = repeat.charAt(0);
            final char ch1 = repeat.charAt(1);
            final char[] output2 = new char[outputLength];
            for (int i = count * 2 - 2; i >= 0; i--, i--) {
                output2[i] = ch0;
                output2[i + 1] = ch1;
            }
            return new String(output2);
        default:
            final StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(outputLength);
            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
                buf.append(repeat);
            }
            return buf.toString();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Repeats a String {@code repeat} times to form a new String, with a String separator injected each time.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.repeat(null, null, 2) = null
     * StringUtils.repeat(null, "x", 2)  = null
     * StringUtils.repeat("", null, 0)   = ""
     * StringUtils.repeat("", "", 2)     = ""
     * StringUtils.repeat("", "x", 3)    = "xx"
     * StringUtils.repeat("?", ", ", 3)  = "?, ?, ?"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param repeat    The String to repeat, may be null.
     * @param separator The String to inject, may be null.
     * @param count     number of times to repeat str, negative treated as zero.
     * @return A new String consisting of the original String repeated, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static String repeat(final String repeat, final String separator, final int count) {
        if (repeat == null || separator == null) {
            return repeat(repeat, count);
        }
        // given that repeat(String, int) is quite optimized, better to rely on it than try and splice this into it
        final String result = repeat(repeat + separator, count);
        return Strings.CS.removeEnd(result, separator);
    }

    /**
     * Replaces all occurrences of a String within another String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.replace(null, *, *)        = null
     * StringUtils.replace("", *, *)          = ""
     * StringUtils.replace("any", null, *)    = "any"
     * StringUtils.replace("any", *, null)    = "any"
     * StringUtils.replace("any", "", *)      = "any"
     * StringUtils.replace("aba", "a", null)  = "aba"
     * StringUtils.replace("aba", "a", "")    = "b"
     * StringUtils.replace("aba", "a", "z")   = "zbz"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param text         text to search and replace in, may be null.
     * @param searchString The String to search for, may be null.
     * @param replacement  The String to replace it with, may be null.
     * @return The text with any replacements processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @see #replace(String text, String searchString, String replacement, int max)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#replace(String, String, String) Strings.CS.replace(String, String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String replace(final String text, final String searchString, final String replacement) {
        return Strings.CS.replace(text, searchString, replacement);
    }

    /**
     * Replaces a String with another String inside a larger String, for the first {@code max} values of the search String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.replace(null, *, *, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.replace("", *, *, *)           = ""
     * StringUtils.replace("any", null, *, *)     = "any"
     * StringUtils.replace("any", *, null, *)     = "any"
     * StringUtils.replace("any", "", *, *)       = "any"
     * StringUtils.replace("any", *, *, 0)        = "any"
     * StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", null, -1) = "abaa"
     * StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "", -1)   = "b"
     * StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", 0)   = "abaa"
     * StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", 1)   = "zbaa"
     * StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", 2)   = "zbza"
     * StringUtils.replace("abaa", "a", "z", -1)  = "zbzz"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param text         text to search and replace in, may be null.
     * @param searchString The String to search for, may be null.
     * @param replacement  The String to replace it with, may be null.
     * @param max          maximum number of values to replace, or {@code -1} if no maximum.
     * @return The text with any replacements processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#replace(String, String, String, int) Strings.CS.replace(String, String, String, int)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String replace(final String text, final String searchString, final String replacement, final int max) {
        return Strings.CS.replace(text, searchString, replacement, max);
    }

    /**
     * Replaces each substring of the text String that matches the given regular expression with the given replacement.
     *
     * This method is a {@code null} safe equivalent to:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code text.replaceAll(regex, replacement)}</li>
     * <li>{@code Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(text).replaceAll(replacement)}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Unlike in the {@link #replacePattern(String, String, String)} method, the {@link Pattern#DOTALL} option is NOT automatically added. To use the DOTALL
     * option prepend {@code "(?s)"} to the regex. DOTALL is also known as single-line mode in Perl.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.replaceAll(null, *, *)                                         = null
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("any", (String) null, *)                            = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("any", *, null)                                     = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("", "", "zzz")                                      = "zzz"
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("", ".*", "zzz")                                    = "zzz"
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("", ".+", "zzz")                                    = ""
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("abc", "", "ZZ")                                    = "ZZaZZbZZcZZ"
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("<__>\n<__>", "<.*>", "z")                          = "z\nz"
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("<__>\n<__>", "(?s)<.*>", "z")                      = "z"
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("ABCabc123", "[a-z]", "_")                          = "ABC___123"
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("ABCabc123", "[^A-Z0-9]+", "_")                     = "ABC_123"
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("ABCabc123", "[^A-Z0-9]+", "")                      = "ABC123"
     * StringUtils.replaceAll("Lorem ipsum  dolor   sit", "( +)([a-z]+)", "_$2")  = "Lorem_ipsum_dolor_sit"
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param text        text to search and replace in, may be null.
     * @param regex       The regular expression to which this string is to be matched.
     * @param replacement The string to be substituted for each match.
     * @return The text with any replacements processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws java.util.regex.PatternSyntaxException Thrown if the regular expression's syntax is invalid.
     * @see #replacePattern(String, String, String)
     * @see String#replaceAll(String, String)
     * @see java.util.regex.Pattern
     * @see java.util.regex.Pattern#DOTALL
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link RegExUtils#replaceAll(String, String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String replaceAll(final String text, final String regex, final String replacement) {
        return RegExUtils.replaceAll(text, regex, replacement);
    }

    /**
     * Replaces all occurrences of a character in a String with another. This is a null-safe version of {@link String#replace(char, char)}.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} string input returns {@code null}. An empty ("") string input returns an empty string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.replaceChars(null, *, *)        = null
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("", *, *)          = ""
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", 'b', 'y') = "aycya"
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", 'z', 'y') = "abcba"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str         String to replace characters in, may be null.
     * @param searchChar  The character to search for, may be null.
     * @param replaceChar The character to replace, may be null.
     * @return modified String, {@code null} if null string input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String replaceChars(final String str, final char searchChar, final char replaceChar) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return str.replace(searchChar, replaceChar);
    }

    /**
     * Replaces multiple characters in a String in one go. This method can also be used to delete characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * For example:
     * </p>
     * <pre>
     * replaceChars(&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;ho&quot;, &quot;jy&quot;) = jelly.
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} string input returns {@code null}. An empty ("") string input returns an empty string. A null or empty set of search characters returns
     * the input string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * The length of the search characters should normally equal the length of the replace characters. If the search characters is longer, then the extra search
     * characters are deleted. If the search characters is shorter, then the extra replace characters are ignored.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.replaceChars(null, *, *)           = null
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("", *, *)             = ""
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", null, *)       = "abc"
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", "", *)         = "abc"
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", "b", null)     = "ac"
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("abc", "b", "")       = "ac"
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", "bc", "yz")  = "ayzya"
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", "bc", "y")   = "ayya"
     * StringUtils.replaceChars("abcba", "bc", "yzx") = "ayzya"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str          String to replace characters in, may be null.
     * @param searchChars  A set of characters to search for, may be null.
     * @param replaceChars A set of characters to replace, may be null.
     * @return modified String, {@code null} if null string input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String replaceChars(final String str, final String searchChars, String replaceChars) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || isEmpty(searchChars)) {
            return str;
        }
        replaceChars = ObjectUtils.toString(replaceChars);
        boolean modified = false;
        final int replaceCharsLength = replaceChars.length();
        final int strLength = str.length();
        final StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(strLength);
        for (int i = 0; i < strLength; i++) {
            final char ch = str.charAt(i);
            final int index = searchChars.indexOf(ch);
            if (index >= 0) {
                modified = true;
                if (index < replaceCharsLength) {
                    buf.append(replaceChars.charAt(index));
                }
            } else {
                buf.append(ch);
            }
        }
        if (modified) {
            return buf.toString();
        }
        return str;
    }

    /**
     * Replaces all occurrences of Strings within another String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op, or if any "search string" or "string to replace" is null, that replace will be ignored. This
     * will not repeat. For repeating replaces, call the overloaded method.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *  StringUtils.replaceEach(null, *, *)                                                = null
     *  StringUtils.replaceEach("", *, *)                                                  = ""
     *  StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", null, null)                                         = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[0], null)                                = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", null, new String[0])                                = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{"a"}, null)                            = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{"a"}, new String[]{""})                = "b"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEach("aba", new String[]{null}, new String[]{"a"})              = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"w", "t"})  = "wcte"
     *  (example of how it does not repeat)
     *  StringUtils.replaceEach("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "t"})  = "dcte"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param text            text to search and replace in, no-op if null.
     * @param searchList      The Strings to search for, no-op if null.
     * @param replacementList The Strings to replace them with, no-op if null.
     * @return The text with any replacements processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if the lengths of the arrays are not the same (null is ok, and/or size 0).
     * @since 2.4
     */
    public static String replaceEach(final String text, final String[] searchList, final String[] replacementList) {
        return replaceEachOnce(text, searchList, replacementList);
    }

    /**
     * Replace all occurrences of Strings within another String, in a single pass. This is a private helper method for
     * {@link #replaceEachRepeatedly(String, String[], String[])} and {@link #replaceEach(String, String[], String[])}
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op, or if any "search string" or "string to replace" is null, that replace will be ignored.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachOnce(null, *, *)                                                = null
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachOnce("", *, *)                                                  = ""
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachOnce("aba", null, null)                                         = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachOnce("aba", new String[0], null)                                = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachOnce("aba", null, new String[0])                                = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachOnce("aba", new String[]{"a"}, null)                            = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachOnce("aba", new String[]{"a"}, new String[]{""})                = "b"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachOnce("aba", new String[]{null}, new String[]{"a"})              = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachOnce("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"w", "t"})  = "wcte"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachOnce("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "t"})  = "dcte"
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * When no replacement is performed, the {@code text} argument is returned unchanged (same reference); callers rely on this to detect convergence.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param text            text to search and replace in, no-op if null.
     * @param searchList      The Strings to search for, no-op if null.
     * @param replacementList The Strings to replace them with, no-op if null.
     * @return The text with any replacements processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if the lengths of the arrays are not the same (null is ok, and/or size 0).
     * @since 2.4
     */
    private static String replaceEachOnce(final String text, final String[] searchList, final String[] replacementList) {

        // Performance note: This creates very few new objects (one major goal)
        // let me know if there are performance requests, we can create a harness to measure
        if (isEmpty(text) || ArrayUtils.isEmpty(searchList) || ArrayUtils.isEmpty(replacementList)) {
            return text;
        }

        final int searchLength = searchList.length;
        final int replacementLength = replacementList.length;

        // make sure lengths are ok, these need to be equal
        if (searchLength != replacementLength) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Search and Replace array lengths don't match: "
                + searchLength
                + " vs "
                + replacementLength);
        }

        // keep track of which still have matches
        final boolean[] noMoreMatchesForReplIndex = new boolean[searchLength];

        // index on index that the match was found
        int textIndex = -1;
        int replaceIndex = -1;
        int tempIndex;

        // index of replace array that will replace the search string found
        // NOTE: logic duplicated below START
        for (int i = 0; i < searchLength; i++) {
            if (noMoreMatchesForReplIndex[i] || isEmpty(searchList[i]) || replacementList[i] == null) {
                continue;
            }
            tempIndex = text.indexOf(searchList[i]);

            // see if we need to keep searching for this
            if (tempIndex == -1) {
                noMoreMatchesForReplIndex[i] = true;
            } else if (textIndex == -1 || tempIndex < textIndex) {
                textIndex = tempIndex;
                replaceIndex = i;
            }
        }
        // NOTE: logic mostly below END

        // no search strings found, we are done
        if (textIndex == -1) {
            return text;
        }

        int start = 0;

        // get a good guess on the size of the result buffer so it doesn't have to double if it goes over a bit
        int increase = 0;

        // count the replacement text elements that are larger than their corresponding text being replaced
        for (int i = 0; i < searchList.length; i++) {
            if (searchList[i] == null || replacementList[i] == null) {
                continue;
            }
            final int greater = replacementList[i].length() - searchList[i].length();
            if (greater > 0) {
                increase += 3 * greater; // assume 3 matches
            }
        }
        // have upper-bound at 20% increase, then let Java take over
        increase = Math.min(increase, text.length() / 5);

        final StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(text.length() + increase);

        while (textIndex != -1) {

            for (int i = start; i < textIndex; i++) {
                buf.append(text.charAt(i));
            }
            buf.append(replacementList[replaceIndex]);

            start = textIndex + searchList[replaceIndex].length();

            textIndex = -1;
            replaceIndex = -1;
            // find the next earliest match
            // NOTE: logic mostly duplicated above START
            for (int i = 0; i < searchLength; i++) {
                if (noMoreMatchesForReplIndex[i] || isEmpty(searchList[i]) || replacementList[i] == null) {
                    continue;
                }
                tempIndex = text.indexOf(searchList[i], start);

                // see if we need to keep searching for this
                if (tempIndex == -1) {
                    noMoreMatchesForReplIndex[i] = true;
                } else if (textIndex == -1 || tempIndex < textIndex) {
                    textIndex = tempIndex;
                    replaceIndex = i;
                }
            }
            // NOTE: logic duplicated above END

        }
        final int textLength = text.length();
        for (int i = start; i < textLength; i++) {
            buf.append(text.charAt(i));
        }
        return buf.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Replaces all occurrences of Strings within another String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op, or if any "search string" or "string to replace" is null, that replace will be ignored.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly(null, *, *)                                                = null
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly("", *, *)                                                  = ""
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly("aba", null, null)                                         = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly("aba", new String[0], null)                                = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly("aba", null, new String[0])                                = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly("aba", new String[]{"a"}, null)                            = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly("aba", new String[]{"a"}, new String[]{""})                = "b"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly("aba", new String[]{null}, new String[]{"a"})              = "aba"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"w", "t"})  = "wcte"
     *  (example of how it repeats)
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "t"})  = "tcte"
     *  StringUtils.replaceEachRepeatedly("abcde", new String[]{"ab", "d"}, new String[]{"d", "ab"}) = Throws {@link IllegalStateException}
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param text            text to search and replace in, no-op if null.
     * @param searchList      The Strings to search for, no-op if null.
     * @param replacementList The Strings to replace them with, no-op if null.
     * @return The text with any replacements processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws IllegalStateException    Thrown if the search is repeating and there is an endless loop due to outputs of one being inputs to another.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if the lengths of the arrays are not the same (null is ok, and/or size 0).
     * @since 2.4
     */
    public static String replaceEachRepeatedly(final String text, final String[] searchList, final String[] replacementList) {
        // The iteration budget is a fixed constant, deliberately independent of the caller-supplied
        // searchList length: deriving the budget from the input would let the input size choose the
        // recursion depth/amplification (formerly a real StackOverflowError on large search lists).
        String result = text;
        for (int timeToLive = DEFAULT_TTL; timeToLive >= 0; timeToLive--) {
            final String next = replaceEachOnce(result, searchList, replacementList);
            if (next == result) {
                // No replacement was performed; converged.
                return result;
            }
            result = next;
        }
        throw new IllegalStateException("Aborting to protect against StackOverflowError - " +
            "output of one loop is the input of another");
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the first substring of the text string that matches the given regular expression with the given replacement.
     *
     * This method is a {@code null} safe equivalent to:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code text.replaceFirst(regex, replacement)}</li>
     * <li>{@code Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(text).replaceFirst(replacement)}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * The {@link Pattern#DOTALL} option is NOT automatically added. To use the DOTALL option prepend {@code "(?s)"} to the regex. DOTALL is also known as
     * single-line mode in Perl.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst(null, *, *)       = null
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("any", (String) null, *)   = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("any", *, null)   = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("", "", "zzz")    = "zzz"
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("", ".*", "zzz")  = "zzz"
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("", ".+", "zzz")  = ""
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("abc", "", "ZZ")  = "ZZabc"
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("<__>\n<__>", "<.*>", "z")      = "z\n<__>"
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("<__>\n<__>", "(?s)<.*>", "z")  = "z"
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("ABCabc123", "[a-z]", "_")          = "ABC_bc123"
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("ABCabc123abc", "[^A-Z0-9]+", "_")  = "ABC_123abc"
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("ABCabc123abc", "[^A-Z0-9]+", "")   = "ABC123abc"
     * StringUtils.replaceFirst("Lorem ipsum  dolor   sit", "( +)([a-z]+)", "_$2")  = "Lorem_ipsum  dolor   sit"
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param text        text to search and replace in, may be null.
     * @param regex       The regular expression to which this string is to be matched.
     * @param replacement The string to be substituted for the first match.
     * @return The text with the first replacement processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws java.util.regex.PatternSyntaxException Thrown if the regular expression's syntax is invalid.
     * @see String#replaceFirst(String, String)
     * @see java.util.regex.Pattern
     * @see java.util.regex.Pattern#DOTALL
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link RegExUtils#replaceFirst(String, String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String replaceFirst(final String text, final String regex, final String replacement) {
        return RegExUtils.replaceFirst(text, regex, replacement);
    }

    /**
     * Case insensitively replaces all occurrences of a String within another String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase(null, *, *)        = null
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("", *, *)          = ""
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("any", null, *)    = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("any", *, null)    = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("any", "", *)      = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("aba", "a", null)  = "aba"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("abA", "A", "")    = "b"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("aba", "A", "z")   = "zbz"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param text         text to search and replace in, may be null.
     * @param searchString The String to search for (case-insensitive), may be null.
     * @param replacement  The String to replace it with, may be null.
     * @return The text with any replacements processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @see #replaceIgnoreCase(String text, String searchString, String replacement, int max)
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#replace(String, String, String) Strings.CI.replace(String, String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String replaceIgnoreCase(final String text, final String searchString, final String replacement) {
        return Strings.CI.replace(text, searchString, replacement);
    }

    /**
     * Case insensitively replaces a String with another String inside a larger String, for the first {@code max} values of the search String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase(null, *, *, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("", *, *, *)           = ""
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("any", null, *, *)     = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("any", *, null, *)     = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("any", "", *, *)       = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("any", *, *, 0)        = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("abaa", "a", null, -1) = "abaa"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("abaa", "a", "", -1)   = "b"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("abaa", "a", "z", 0)   = "abaa"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("abaa", "A", "z", 1)   = "zbaa"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("abAa", "a", "z", 2)   = "zbza"
     * StringUtils.replaceIgnoreCase("abAa", "a", "z", -1)  = "zbzz"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param text         text to search and replace in, may be null.
     * @param searchString The String to search for (case-insensitive), may be null.
     * @param replacement  The String to replace it with, may be null.
     * @param max          maximum number of values to replace, or {@code -1} if no maximum.
     * @return The text with any replacements processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#replace(String, String, String, int) Strings.CI.replace(String, String, String, int)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String replaceIgnoreCase(final String text, final String searchString, final String replacement, final int max) {
        return Strings.CI.replace(text, searchString, replacement, max);
    }

    /**
     * Replaces a String with another String inside a larger String, once.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.replaceOnce(null, *, *)        = null
     * StringUtils.replaceOnce("", *, *)          = ""
     * StringUtils.replaceOnce("any", null, *)    = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnce("any", *, null)    = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnce("any", "", *)      = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnce("aba", "a", null)  = "aba"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnce("aba", "a", "")    = "ba"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnce("aba", "a", "z")   = "zba"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param text         text to search and replace in, may be null.
     * @param searchString The String to search for, may be null.
     * @param replacement  The String to replace with, may be null.
     * @return The text with any replacements processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @see #replace(String text, String searchString, String replacement, int max)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#replaceOnce(String, String, String) Strings.CS.replaceOnce(String, String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String replaceOnce(final String text, final String searchString, final String replacement) {
        return Strings.CS.replaceOnce(text, searchString, replacement);
    }

    /**
     * Case insensitively replaces a String with another String inside a larger String, once.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.replaceOnceIgnoreCase(null, *, *)        = null
     * StringUtils.replaceOnceIgnoreCase("", *, *)          = ""
     * StringUtils.replaceOnceIgnoreCase("any", null, *)    = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnceIgnoreCase("any", *, null)    = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnceIgnoreCase("any", "", *)      = "any"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnceIgnoreCase("aba", "a", null)  = "aba"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnceIgnoreCase("aba", "a", "")    = "ba"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnceIgnoreCase("aba", "a", "z")   = "zba"
     * StringUtils.replaceOnceIgnoreCase("FoOFoofoo", "foo", "") = "Foofoo"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param text         text to search and replace in, may be null.
     * @param searchString The String to search for (case-insensitive), may be null.
     * @param replacement  The String to replace with, may be null.
     * @return The text with any replacements processed, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @see #replaceIgnoreCase(String text, String searchString, String replacement, int max)
     * @since 3.5
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#replaceOnce(String, String, String) Strings.CI.replaceOnce(String, String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String replaceOnceIgnoreCase(final String text, final String searchString, final String replacement) {
        return Strings.CI.replaceOnce(text, searchString, replacement);
    }

    /**
     * Replaces each substring of the source String that matches the given regular expression with the given replacement using the {@link Pattern#DOTALL}
     * option. DOTALL is also known as single-line mode in Perl.
     *
     * This call is a {@code null} safe equivalent to:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code source.replaceAll(&quot;(?s)&quot; + regex, replacement)}</li>
     * <li>{@code Pattern.compile(regex, Pattern.DOTALL).matcher(source).replaceAll(replacement)}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.replacePattern(null, *, *)                                         = null
     * StringUtils.replacePattern("any", (String) null, *)                            = "any"
     * StringUtils.replacePattern("any", *, null)                                     = "any"
     * StringUtils.replacePattern("", "", "zzz")                                      = "zzz"
     * StringUtils.replacePattern("", ".*", "zzz")                                    = "zzz"
     * StringUtils.replacePattern("", ".+", "zzz")                                    = ""
     * StringUtils.replacePattern("<__>\n<__>", "<.*>", "z")                          = "z"
     * StringUtils.replacePattern("ABCabc123", "[a-z]", "_")                          = "ABC___123"
     * StringUtils.replacePattern("ABCabc123", "[^A-Z0-9]+", "_")                     = "ABC_123"
     * StringUtils.replacePattern("ABCabc123", "[^A-Z0-9]+", "")                      = "ABC123"
     * StringUtils.replacePattern("Lorem ipsum  dolor   sit", "( +)([a-z]+)", "_$2")  = "Lorem_ipsum_dolor_sit"
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param source      The source string.
     * @param regex       The regular expression to which this string is to be matched.
     * @param replacement The string to be substituted for each match.
     * @return The resulting {@link String}.
     * @see #replaceAll(String, String, String)
     * @see String#replaceAll(String, String)
     * @see Pattern#DOTALL
     * @since 3.2
     * @since 3.5 Changed {@code null} reference passed to this method is a no-op.
     * @deprecated Use {@link RegExUtils#replacePattern(CharSequence, String, String)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String replacePattern(final String source, final String regex, final String replacement) {
        return RegExUtils.replacePattern(source, regex, replacement);
    }

    /**
     * Reverses a String as per {@link StringBuilder#reverse()}.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.reverse(null)  = null
     * StringUtils.reverse("")    = ""
     * StringUtils.reverse("bat") = "tab"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to reverse, may be null.
     * @return The reversed String, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String reverse(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return new StringBuilder(str).reverse().toString();
    }

    /**
     * Reverses a String that is delimited by a specific character.
     *
     * <p>
     * The Strings between the delimiters are not reversed. Thus java.lang.String becomes String.lang.java (if the delimiter is {@code '.'}).
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.reverseDelimited(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.reverseDelimited("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.reverseDelimited("a.b.c", 'x') = "a.b.c"
     * StringUtils.reverseDelimited("a.b.c", '.') = "c.b.a"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str           The String to reverse, may be null.
     * @param separatorChar The separator character to use.
     * @return The reversed String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String reverseDelimited(final String str, final char separatorChar) {
        final String[] strs = split(str, separatorChar);
        ArrayUtils.reverse(strs);
        return join(strs, separatorChar);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the rightmost {@code len} characters of a String.
     *
     * <p>
     * If {@code len} characters are not available, or the String is {@code null}, the String will be returned without an exception. An empty String is
     * returned if len is negative.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.right(null, *)    = null
     * StringUtils.right(*, -ve)     = ""
     * StringUtils.right("", *)      = ""
     * StringUtils.right("abc", 0)   = ""
     * StringUtils.right("abc", 2)   = "bc"
     * StringUtils.right("abc", 4)   = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to get the rightmost characters from, may be null.
     * @param len The length of the required String.
     * @return The rightmost characters, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String right(final String str, final int len) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (len < 0) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        if (str.length() <= len) {
            return str;
        }
        int start = str.length() - len;
        // keep the cut off the middle of a surrogate pair so the result is never left holding a lone surrogate
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, start)) {
            start++;
        }
        return str.substring(start);
    }

    /**
     * Right pad a String with spaces (' ').
     *
     * <p>
     * The String is padded to the size of {@code size}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.rightPad(null, *)   = null
     * StringUtils.rightPad("", 3)     = "   "
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 3)  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5)  = "bat  "
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 1)  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", -1) = "bat"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str  The String to pad out, may be null.
     * @param size The size to pad to.
     * @return right padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String rightPad(final String str, final int size) {
        return rightPad(str, size, ' ');
    }

    /**
     * Right pad a String with a specified character.
     *
     * <p>
     * The String is padded to the size of {@code size}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.rightPad(null, *, *)     = null
     * StringUtils.rightPad("", 3, 'z')     = "zzz"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 3, 'z')  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, 'z')  = "batzz"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 1, 'z')  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", -1, 'z') = "bat"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str     The String to pad out, may be null.
     * @param size    The size to pad to.
     * @param padChar The character to pad with.
     * @return right padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String rightPad(final String str, final int size, final char padChar) {
        if (str == null || size <= str.length()) {
            return str;
        }
        final int pads = size - str.length();
        if (pads <= 0) {
            return str; // returns original String when possible
        }
        if (pads > PAD_LIMIT) {
            return rightPad(str, size, String.valueOf(padChar));
        }
        return str.concat(repeat(padChar, pads));
    }

    /**
     * Right pad a String with a specified String.
     *
     * <p>
     * The String is padded to the size of {@code size}. If the requested padding length would split a Unicode surrogate pair
     * in {@code padStr}, the padding is shortened by one {@code char} to avoid introducing an unpaired surrogate by splitting the pair.
     * In that case, the returned String has a length of {@code size - 1}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.rightPad(null, *, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.rightPad("", 3, "z")      = "zzz"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 3, "yz")  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, "yz")  = "batyz"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 8, "yz")  = "batyzyzy"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 1, "yz")  = "bat"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", -1, "yz") = "bat"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, null)  = "bat  "
     * StringUtils.rightPad("bat", 5, "")    = "bat  "
     * StringUtils.rightPad("a", 2, "\uD83D\uDE00")    = "a"
     * StringUtils.rightPad("a", 3, "\uD83D\uDE00")    = "a\uD83D\uDE00"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The String to pad out, may be null.
     * @param size   The size to pad to.
     * @param padStr The String to pad with, null or empty treated as single space.
     * @return right padded String or original String if no padding is necessary, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String rightPad(final String str, final int size, String padStr) {
        if (str == null || size <= str.length()) {
            return str;
        }
        if (isEmpty(padStr)) {
            padStr = SPACE;
        }
        final int padLen = padStr.length();
        final int strLen = str.length();
        int pads = size - strLen;
        if (pads <= 0) {
            return str; // returns original String when possible
        }
        if (padLen == 1 && pads <= PAD_LIMIT) {
            return rightPad(str, size, padStr.charAt(0));
        }
        // Keep the padding boundary off the middle of a surrogate pair to avoid introducing a lone surrogate.
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(padStr, pads % padLen)) {
            pads--;
        }
        if (pads <= 0) {
            return str;
        }
        if (pads == padLen) {
            return str.concat(padStr);
        }
        if (pads < padLen) {
            return str.concat(padStr.substring(0, pads));
        }
        final char[] padding = new char[pads];
        final char[] padChars = padStr.toCharArray();
        for (int i = 0; i < pads; i++) {
            padding[i] = padChars[i % padLen];
        }
        return str.concat(new String(padding));
    }

    /**
     * Rotate (circular shift) a String of {@code shift} characters.
     * <ul>
     * <li>If {@code shift > 0}, right circular shift (ex : ABCDEF =&gt; FABCDE)</li>
     * <li>If {@code shift < 0}, left circular shift (ex : ABCDEF =&gt; BCDEFA)</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.rotate(null, *)        = null
     * StringUtils.rotate("", *)          = ""
     * StringUtils.rotate("abcdefg", 0)   = "abcdefg"
     * StringUtils.rotate("abcdefg", 2)   = "fgabcde"
     * StringUtils.rotate("abcdefg", -2)  = "cdefgab"
     * StringUtils.rotate("abcdefg", 7)   = "abcdefg"
     * StringUtils.rotate("abcdefg", -7)  = "abcdefg"
     * StringUtils.rotate("abcdefg", 9)   = "fgabcde"
     * StringUtils.rotate("abcdefg", -9)  = "cdefgab"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str   The String to rotate, may be null.
     * @param shift number of time to shift (positive : right shift, negative : left shift).
     * @return The rotated String, or the original String if {@code shift == 0}, or {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static String rotate(final String str, final int shift) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final int strLen = str.length();
        if (shift == 0 || strLen == 0 || shift % strLen == 0) {
            return str;
        }
        final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(strLen);
        final int offset = -(shift % strLen);
        builder.append(substring(str, offset));
        builder.append(substring(str, 0, offset));
        return builder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array, using whitespace as the separator. Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator. For more control over the split use the
     * StrTokenizer class.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.split(null)       = null
     * StringUtils.split("")         = []
     * StringUtils.split("abc def")  = ["abc", "def"]
     * StringUtils.split("abc  def") = ["abc", "def"]
     * StringUtils.split(" abc ")    = ["abc"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to parse, may be null.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String[] split(final String str) {
        return split(str, null, -1);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array, separator specified. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator. For more control over the split use the
     * StrTokenizer class.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.split(null, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.split("", *)           = []
     * StringUtils.split("a.b.c", '.')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
     * StringUtils.split("a..b.c", '.')   = ["a", "b", "c"]
     * StringUtils.split("a:b:c", '.')    = ["a:b:c"]
     * StringUtils.split("a b c", ' ')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str           The String to parse, may be null.
     * @param separatorChar The character used as the delimiter.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String[] split(final String str, final char separatorChar) {
        return splitWorker(str, separatorChar, false);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array, separators specified. This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator. For more control over the split use the
     * StrTokenizer class.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} separatorChars splits on whitespace.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.split(null, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.split("", *)           = []
     * StringUtils.split("abc def", null) = ["abc", "def"]
     * StringUtils.split("abc def", " ")  = ["abc", "def"]
     * StringUtils.split("abc  def", " ") = ["abc", "def"]
     * StringUtils.split("ab:cd:ef", ":") = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str            The String to parse, may be null.
     * @param separatorChars The characters used as the delimiters, {@code null} splits on whitespace.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String[] split(final String str, final String separatorChars) {
        return splitWorker(str, separatorChars, -1, false);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array with a maximum length, separators specified.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} separatorChars splits on whitespace.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If more than {@code max} delimited substrings are found, the last returned string includes all characters after the first {@code max - 1} returned
     * strings (including separator characters).
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.split(null, *, *)            = null
     * StringUtils.split("", *, *)              = []
     * StringUtils.split("ab cd ef", null, 0)   = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.split("ab   cd ef", null, 0) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.split("ab:cd:ef", ":", 0)    = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.split("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)    = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str            The String to parse, may be null.
     * @param separatorChars The characters used as the delimiters, {@code null} splits on whitespace.
     * @param max            The maximum number of elements to include in the array. A zero or negative value implies no limit.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String[] split(final String str, final String separatorChars, final int max) {
        return splitWorker(str, separatorChars, max, false);
    }

    /**
     * Splits a String by Character type as returned by {@link Character#getType(int)}. Groups of contiguous characters of the same type are returned
     * as complete tokens.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterType(null)         = null
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("")           = []
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ab de fg")   = ["ab", " ", "de", " ", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ab   de fg") = ["ab", "   ", "de", " ", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ab:cd:ef")   = ["ab", ":", "cd", ":", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("number5")    = ["number", "5"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("fooBar")     = ["foo", "B", "ar"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("foo200Bar")  = ["foo", "200", "B", "ar"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterType("ASFRules")   = ["ASFR", "ules"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to split, may be {@code null}.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @see Character#getType(int)
     * @since 2.4
     */
    public static String[] splitByCharacterType(final String str) {
        return splitByCharacterType(str, false);
    }

    /**
     * Splits a String by Character type as returned by {@code java.lang.Character.getType(char)}. Groups of contiguous characters of the same type are returned
     * as complete tokens, with the following exception: if {@code camelCase} is {@code true}, the character of type {@link Character#UPPERCASE_LETTER}, if any,
     * immediately preceding a token of type {@link Character#LOWERCASE_LETTER} will belong to the following token rather than to the preceding, if any,
     * {@link Character#UPPERCASE_LETTER} token.
     *
     * @param str       The String to split, may be {@code null}.
     * @param camelCase whether to use so-called "camel-case" for letter types.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.4
     */
    private static String[] splitByCharacterType(final String str, final boolean camelCase) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (str.isEmpty()) {
            return ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
        }
        final char[] c = str.toCharArray();
        final List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        int tokenStart = 0;
        int currentType = Character.getType(Character.codePointAt(c, tokenStart));
        for (int pos = tokenStart + Character.charCount(Character.codePointAt(c, tokenStart)); pos < c.length;) {
            final int codePoint = Character.codePointAt(c, pos);
            final int type = Character.getType(codePoint);
            final int count = Character.charCount(codePoint);
            if (type == currentType) {
                pos += count;
                continue;
            }
            if (camelCase && type == Character.LOWERCASE_LETTER && currentType == Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER) {
                final int newTokenStart = pos - Character.charCount(Character.codePointBefore(c, pos));
                if (newTokenStart != tokenStart) {
                    list.add(new String(c, tokenStart, newTokenStart - tokenStart));
                    tokenStart = newTokenStart;
                }
            } else {
                list.add(new String(c, tokenStart, pos - tokenStart));
                tokenStart = pos;
            }
            currentType = type;
            pos += count;
        }
        list.add(new String(c, tokenStart, c.length - tokenStart));
        return list.toArray(ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY);
    }

    /**
     * Splits a String by Character type as returned by {@link Character#getType(int)}. Groups of contiguous characters of the same type are returned
     * as complete tokens, with the following exception: the character of type {@link Character#UPPERCASE_LETTER}, if any, immediately preceding a token of type
     * {@link Character#LOWERCASE_LETTER} will belong to the following token rather than to the preceding, if any, {@link Character#UPPERCASE_LETTER} token.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase(null)         = null
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("")           = []
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ab de fg")   = ["ab", " ", "de", " ", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ab   de fg") = ["ab", "   ", "de", " ", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ab:cd:ef")   = ["ab", ":", "cd", ":", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("number5")    = ["number", "5"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("fooBar")     = ["foo", "Bar"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("foo200Bar")  = ["foo", "200", "Bar"]
     * StringUtils.splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase("ASFRules")   = ["ASF", "Rules"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to split, may be {@code null}.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @see Character#getType(int)
     * @since 2.4
     */
    public static String[] splitByCharacterTypeCamelCase(final String str) {
        return splitByCharacterType(str, true);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator(s) will not be included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} separator splits on whitespace.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator(null, *)               = null
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("", *)                 = []
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab de fg", null)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab   de fg", null)    = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab:cd:ef", ":")       = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-") = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to parse, may be null.
     * @param separator String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, {@code null} splits on whitespace.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String was input.
     */
    public static String[] splitByWholeSeparator(final String str, final String separator) {
        return splitByWholeSeparatorWorker(str, separator, -1, false);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified. Returns a maximum of {@code max} substrings.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator(s) will not be included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as one separator.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} separator splits on whitespace.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator(null, *, *)               = null
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("", *, *)                 = []
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab de fg", null, 0)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab   de fg", null, 0)    = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)       = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 5) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparator("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 2) = ["ab", "cd-!-ef"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to parse, may be null.
     * @param separator String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, {@code null} splits on whitespace.
     * @param max       The maximum number of elements to include in the returned array. A zero or negative value implies no limit.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String was input.
     */
    public static String[] splitByWholeSeparator(final String str, final String separator, final int max) {
        return splitByWholeSeparatorWorker(str, separator, max, false);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the
     * split use the StrTokenizer class.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} separator splits on whitespace.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(null, *)               = null
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("", *)                 = []
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab de fg", null)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null)    = ["ab", "", "", "de", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":")       = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-") = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to parse, may be null.
     * @param separator String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, {@code null} splits on whitespace.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String was input.
     * @since 2.4
     */
    public static String[] splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(final String str, final String separator) {
        return splitByWholeSeparatorWorker(str, separator, -1, true);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array, separator string specified. Returns a maximum of {@code max} substrings.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the
     * split use the StrTokenizer class.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} separator splits on whitespace.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(null, *, *)               = null
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("", *, *)                 = []
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab de fg", null, 0)      = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 0)    = ["ab", "", "", "de", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)       = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 5) = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens("ab-!-cd-!-ef", "-!-", 2) = ["ab", "cd-!-ef"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to parse, may be null.
     * @param separator String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, {@code null} splits on whitespace.
     * @param max       The maximum number of elements to include in the returned array. A zero or negative value implies no limit.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String was input.
     * @since 2.4
     */
    public static String[] splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens(final String str, final String separator, final int max) {
        return splitByWholeSeparatorWorker(str, separator, max, true);
    }

    /**
     * Performs the logic for the {@code splitByWholeSeparatorPreserveAllTokens} methods.
     *
     * @param str               The String to parse, may be {@code null}.
     * @param separator         String containing the String to be used as a delimiter, {@code null} splits on whitespace.
     * @param max               The maximum number of elements to include in the returned array. A zero or negative value implies no limit.
     * @param preserveAllTokens if {@code true}, adjacent separators are treated as empty token separators; if {@code false}, adjacent separators are treated as
     *                          one separator.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.4
     */
    private static String[] splitByWholeSeparatorWorker(final String str, final String separator, final int max, final boolean preserveAllTokens) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final int len = str.length();
        if (len == 0) {
            return ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
        }
        if (separator == null || EMPTY.equals(separator)) {
            // Split on whitespace.
            return splitWorker(str, null, max, preserveAllTokens);
        }
        final int separatorLength = separator.length();
        final ArrayList<String> substrings = new ArrayList<>();
        int numberOfSubstrings = 0;
        int beg = 0;
        int end = 0;
        while (end < len) {
            end = str.indexOf(separator, beg);
            if (end > -1) {
                if (end > beg) {
                    numberOfSubstrings += 1;
                    if (numberOfSubstrings == max) {
                        end = len;
                        substrings.add(str.substring(beg));
                    } else {
                        // The following is OK, because String.substring( beg, end ) excludes
                        // the character at the position 'end'.
                        substrings.add(str.substring(beg, end));
                        // Set the starting point for the next search.
                        // The following is equivalent to beg = end + (separatorLength - 1) + 1,
                        // which is the right calculation:
                        beg = end + separatorLength;
                    }
                } else {
                    // We found a consecutive occurrence of the separator, so skip it.
                    if (preserveAllTokens) {
                        numberOfSubstrings += 1;
                        if (numberOfSubstrings == max) {
                            end = len;
                            substrings.add(str.substring(beg));
                        } else {
                            substrings.add(EMPTY);
                        }
                    }
                    beg = end + separatorLength;
                }
            } else {
                // String.substring( beg ) goes from 'beg' to the end of the String.
                // beg == len means the String ended on a separator, so the trailing
                // token is empty and must be dropped unless empty tokens are preserved.
                if (preserveAllTokens || beg < len) {
                    substrings.add(str.substring(beg));
                }
                end = len;
            }
        }
        return substrings.toArray(ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array, using whitespace as the separator, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators.
     * This is an alternative to using StringTokenizer. Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the
     * split use the StrTokenizer class.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null)       = null
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("")         = []
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc def")  = ["abc", "def"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc  def") = ["abc", "", "def"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(" abc ")    = ["", "abc", ""]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to parse, may be {@code null}.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(final String str) {
        return splitWorker(str, null, -1, true);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array, separator specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators. This is an
     * alternative to using StringTokenizer.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the
     * split use the StrTokenizer class.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("", *)           = []
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a.b.c", '.')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a..b.c", '.')   = ["a", "", "b", "c"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a:b:c", '.')    = ["a:b:c"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a\tb\nc", null) = ["a", "b", "c"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a b c", ' ')    = ["a", "b", "c"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a b c ", ' ')   = ["a", "b", "c", ""]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("a b c  ", ' ')  = ["a", "b", "c", "", ""]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(" a b c", ' ')   = ["", "a", "b", "c"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("  a b c", ' ')  = ["", "", "a", "b", "c"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(" a b c ", ' ')  = ["", "a", "b", "c", ""]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str           The String to parse, may be {@code null}.
     * @param separatorChar The character used as the delimiter, {@code null} splits on whitespace.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(final String str, final char separatorChar) {
        return splitWorker(str, separatorChar, true);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array, separators specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent separators. This is an
     * alternative to using StringTokenizer.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. For more control over the
     * split use the StrTokenizer class.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} separatorChars splits on whitespace.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null, *)           = null
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("", *)             = []
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc def", null)   = ["abc", "def"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc def", " ")    = ["abc", "def"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("abc  def", " ")   = ["abc", "", "def"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":")   = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef:", ":")  = ["ab", "cd", "ef", ""]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef::", ":") = ["ab", "cd", "ef", "", ""]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab::cd:ef", ":")  = ["ab", "", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(":cd:ef", ":")     = ["", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("::cd:ef", ":")    = ["", "", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(":cd:ef:", ":")    = ["", "cd", "ef", ""]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str            The String to parse, may be {@code null}.
     * @param separatorChars The characters used as the delimiters, {@code null} splits on whitespace.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(final String str, final String separatorChars) {
        return splitWorker(str, separatorChars, -1, true);
    }

    /**
     * Splits the provided text into an array with a maximum length, separators specified, preserving all tokens, including empty tokens created by adjacent
     * separators.
     *
     * <p>
     * The separator is not included in the returned String array. Adjacent separators are treated as separators for empty tokens. Adjacent separators are
     * treated as one separator.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} separatorChars splits on whitespace.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If more than {@code max} delimited substrings are found, the last returned string includes all characters after the first {@code max - 1} returned
     * strings (including separator characters).
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens(null, *, *)            = null
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("", *, *)              = []
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab de fg", null, 0)   = ["ab", "de", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 0) = ["ab", "", "", "de", "fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":", 0)    = ["ab", "cd", "ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab:cd:ef", ":", 2)    = ["ab", "cd:ef"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 2) = ["ab", "  de fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 3) = ["ab", "", " de fg"]
     * StringUtils.splitPreserveAllTokens("ab   de fg", null, 4) = ["ab", "", "", "de fg"]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str            The String to parse, may be {@code null}.
     * @param separatorChars The characters used as the delimiters, {@code null} splits on whitespace.
     * @param max            The maximum number of elements to include in the array. A zero or negative value implies no limit.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static String[] splitPreserveAllTokens(final String str, final String separatorChars, final int max) {
        return splitWorker(str, separatorChars, max, true);
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether a {@link String#substring} boundary at {@code index} would fall between the two halves of a surrogate pair, that is the char before
     * {@code index} is a high surrogate and the char at {@code index} is its low surrogate. Slicing there leaves a lone surrogate in the result.
     *
     * @param str   The String being sliced.
     * @param index A candidate substring boundary, in {@code char} units.
     * @return whether slicing at {@code index} would split a surrogate pair.
     */
    private static boolean splitsSurrogatePair(final String str, final int index) {
        return index > 0 && index < str.length() && Character.isHighSurrogate(str.charAt(index - 1)) && Character.isLowSurrogate(str.charAt(index));
    }

    /**
     * Performs the logic for the {@code split} and {@code splitPreserveAllTokens} methods that do not return a maximum array length.
     *
     * @param str               The String to parse, may be {@code null}.
     * @param separatorChar     The separate character.
     * @param preserveAllTokens if {@code true}, adjacent separators are treated as empty token separators; if {@code false}, adjacent separators are treated as
     *                          one separator.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    private static String[] splitWorker(final String str, final char separatorChar, final boolean preserveAllTokens) {
        // Performance tuned for 2.0 (JDK1.4)
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final int len = str.length();
        if (len == 0) {
            return ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
        }
        final List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        int i = 0;
        int start = 0;
        boolean match = false;
        boolean lastMatch = false;
        while (i < len) {
            if (str.charAt(i) == separatorChar) {
                if (match || preserveAllTokens) {
                    list.add(str.substring(start, i));
                    match = false;
                    lastMatch = true;
                }
                start = ++i;
                continue;
            }
            lastMatch = false;
            match = true;
            i++;
        }
        if (match || preserveAllTokens && lastMatch) {
            list.add(str.substring(start, i));
        }
        return list.toArray(ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY);
    }

    /**
     * Performs the logic for the {@code split} and {@code splitPreserveAllTokens} methods that return a maximum array length.
     *
     * @param str               The String to parse, may be {@code null}.
     * @param separatorChars    The separate character.
     * @param max               The maximum number of elements to include in the array. A zero or negative value implies no limit.
     * @param preserveAllTokens if {@code true}, adjacent separators are treated as empty token separators; if {@code false}, adjacent separators are treated as
     *                          one separator.
     * @return An array of parsed Strings, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    private static String[] splitWorker(final String str, final String separatorChars, final int max, final boolean preserveAllTokens) {
        // Performance tuned for 2.0 (JDK1.4)
        // Direct code is quicker than StringTokenizer.
        // Also, StringTokenizer uses isSpace() not isWhitespace()
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final int len = str.length();
        if (len == 0) {
            return ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
        }
        final List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        int sizePlus1 = 1;
        int i = 0;
        int start = 0;
        boolean match = false;
        boolean lastMatch = false;
        if (separatorChars == null) {
            // Null separator means use whitespace
            while (i < len) {
                if (Character.isWhitespace(str.charAt(i))) {
                    if (match || preserveAllTokens) {
                        lastMatch = true;
                        if (sizePlus1++ == max) {
                            i = len;
                            lastMatch = false;
                        }
                        list.add(str.substring(start, i));
                        match = false;
                    }
                    start = ++i;
                    continue;
                }
                lastMatch = false;
                match = true;
                i++;
            }
        } else if (separatorChars.length() == 1) {
            // Optimize 1 character case
            final char sep = separatorChars.charAt(0);
            while (i < len) {
                if (str.charAt(i) == sep) {
                    if (match || preserveAllTokens) {
                        lastMatch = true;
                        if (sizePlus1++ == max) {
                            i = len;
                            lastMatch = false;
                        }
                        list.add(str.substring(start, i));
                        match = false;
                    }
                    start = ++i;
                    continue;
                }
                lastMatch = false;
                match = true;
                i++;
            }
        } else {
            // standard case
            while (i < len) {
                if (separatorChars.indexOf(str.charAt(i)) >= 0) {
                    if (match || preserveAllTokens) {
                        lastMatch = true;
                        if (sizePlus1++ == max) {
                            i = len;
                            lastMatch = false;
                        }
                        list.add(str.substring(start, i));
                        match = false;
                    }
                    start = ++i;
                    continue;
                }
                lastMatch = false;
                match = true;
                i++;
            }
        }
        if (match || preserveAllTokens && lastMatch) {
            list.add(str.substring(start, i));
        }
        return list.toArray(ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if a CharSequence starts with a specified prefix.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null}s are handled without exceptions. Two {@code null} references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case-sensitive.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.startsWith(null, null)      = true
     * StringUtils.startsWith(null, "abc")     = false
     * StringUtils.startsWith("abcdef", null)  = false
     * StringUtils.startsWith("abcdef", "abc") = true
     * StringUtils.startsWith("ABCDEF", "abc") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param prefix The prefix to find, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequence starts with the prefix, case-sensitive, or both {@code null}.
     * @see String#startsWith(String)
     * @since 2.4
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from startsWith(String, String) to startsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#startsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CS.startsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean startsWith(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence prefix) {
        return Strings.CS.startsWith(str, prefix);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if a CharSequence starts with any of the provided case-sensitive prefixes.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.startsWithAny(null, null)      = false
     * StringUtils.startsWithAny(null, new String[] {"abc"})  = false
     * StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", null)     = false
     * StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {""}) = true
     * StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {"abc"}) = true
     * StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", new String[] {null, "xyz", "abc"}) = true
     * StringUtils.startsWithAny("abcxyz", null, "xyz", "ABCX") = false
     * StringUtils.startsWithAny("ABCXYZ", null, "xyz", "abc") = false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param sequence      The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param searchStrings The case-sensitive CharSequence prefixes, may be empty or contain {@code null}.
     * @return {@code true} if the input {@code sequence} is {@code null} AND no {@code searchStrings} are provided, or the input {@code sequence} begins with
     *         any of the provided case-sensitive {@code searchStrings}.
     * @see StringUtils#startsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @since 2.5
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from startsWithAny(String, String[]) to startsWithAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#startsWithAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...) Strings.CS.startsWithAny(CharSequence, CharSequence...)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean startsWithAny(final CharSequence sequence, final CharSequence... searchStrings) {
        return Strings.CS.startsWithAny(sequence, searchStrings);
    }

    /**
     * Case-insensitive check if a CharSequence starts with a specified prefix.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null}s are handled without exceptions. Two {@code null} references are considered to be equal. The comparison is case insensitive.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase(null, null)      = true
     * StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase(null, "abc")     = false
     * StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", null)  = false
     * StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase("abcdef", "abc") = true
     * StringUtils.startsWithIgnoreCase("ABCDEF", "abc") = true
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The CharSequence to check, may be null.
     * @param prefix The prefix to find, may be null.
     * @return {@code true} if the CharSequence starts with the prefix, case-insensitive, or both {@code null}.
     * @see String#startsWith(String)
     * @since 2.4
     * @since 3.0 Changed signature from startsWithIgnoreCase(String, String) to startsWithIgnoreCase(CharSequence, CharSequence)
     * @deprecated Use {@link Strings#startsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence) Strings.CI.startsWith(CharSequence, CharSequence)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean startsWithIgnoreCase(final CharSequence str, final CharSequence prefix) {
        return Strings.CI.startsWith(str, prefix);
    }

    /**
     * Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is similar to {@link #trim(String)} but removes whitespace. Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.strip(null)     = null
     * StringUtils.strip("")       = ""
     * StringUtils.strip("   ")    = ""
     * StringUtils.strip("abc")    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.strip("  abc")  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.strip("abc  ")  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.strip(" abc ")  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.strip(" ab c ") = "ab c"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to remove whitespace from, may be null.
     * @return The stripped String, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String strip(final String str) {
        return strip(str, null);
    }

    /**
     * Strips any of a set of characters from the start and end of a String. This is similar to {@link String#trim()} but allows the characters to be stripped
     * to be controlled.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. An empty string ("") input returns the empty string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If the stripChars String is {@code null}, whitespace is stripped as defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}. Alternatively use
     * {@link #strip(String)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.strip(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.strip("", *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.strip("abc", null)      = "abc"
     * StringUtils.strip("  abc", null)    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.strip("abc  ", null)    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.strip(" abc ", null)    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.strip("  abcyx", "xyz") = "  abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str        The String to remove characters from, may be null.
     * @param stripChars The characters to remove, null treated as whitespace.
     * @return The stripped String, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String strip(String str, final String stripChars) {
        str = stripStart(str, stripChars);
        return stripEnd(str, stripChars);
    }

    /**
     * Removes diacritics (~= accents) from a string. The case will not be altered.
     * <p>
     * For instance, '&agrave;' will be replaced by 'a'.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * Decomposes ligatures and digraphs per the KD column in the <a href = "https://www.unicode.org/charts/normalization/">Unicode Normalization Chart.</a>
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * Be aware that this NFKD compatibility decomposition can map non-letter compatibility forms (fullwidth, small-form, math-symbol variants of {@code <},
     * {@code >}, {@code /}, and so on) to their ASCII counterparts.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.stripAccents(null)         = null
     * StringUtils.stripAccents("")           = ""
     * StringUtils.stripAccents("control")    = "control"
     * StringUtils.stripAccents("&eacute;clair")     = "eclair"
     * StringUtils.stripAccents("\u1d43\u1d47\u1d9c\u00b9\u00b2\u00b3")     = "abc123"
     * StringUtils.stripAccents("\u00BC \u00BD \u00BE")      = "1⁄4 1⁄2 3⁄4"
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * See also <a href="https://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/tr15-23.html">Unicode Standard Annex #15 Unicode Normalization Forms</a>.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param input String to be stripped.
     * @return input text with diacritics removed.
     * @since 3.0
     */
    // See also Lucene's ASCIIFoldingFilter (Lucene 2.9) that replaces accented characters by their unaccented equivalent (and uncommitted bug fix:
    // https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-1343?focusedCommentId=12858907&page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels%3Acomment-tabpanel#action_12858907).
    public static String stripAccents(final String input) {
        if (isEmpty(input)) {
            return input;
        }
        final StringBuilder decomposed = new StringBuilder(Normalizer.normalize(input, Normalizer.Form.NFKD));
        convertRemainingAccentCharacters(decomposed);
        final String stripped = STRIP_ACCENTS_PATTERN.matcher(decomposed).replaceAll(EMPTY);
        return Normalizer.normalize(stripped, Normalizer.Form.NFC);
    }

    /**
     * Strips whitespace from the start and end of every String in an array. Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     *
     * <p>
     * A new array is returned each time, except for length zero. A {@code null} array will return {@code null}. An empty array will return itself. A
     * {@code null} array entry will be ignored.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.stripAll(null)             = null
     * StringUtils.stripAll([])               = []
     * StringUtils.stripAll(["abc", "  abc"]) = ["abc", "abc"]
     * StringUtils.stripAll(["abc  ", null])  = ["abc", null]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param strs The array to remove whitespace from, may be null.
     * @return The stripped Strings, {@code null} if null array input.
     */
    public static String[] stripAll(final String... strs) {
        return stripAll(strs, null);
    }

    /**
     * Strips any of a set of characters from the start and end of every String in an array.
     * <p>
     * Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A new array is returned each time, except for length zero. A {@code null} array will return {@code null}. An empty array will return itself. A
     * {@code null} array entry will be ignored. A {@code null} stripChars will strip whitespace as defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.stripAll(null, *)                = null
     * StringUtils.stripAll([], *)                  = []
     * StringUtils.stripAll(["abc", "  abc"], null) = ["abc", "abc"]
     * StringUtils.stripAll(["abc  ", null], null)  = ["abc", null]
     * StringUtils.stripAll(["abc  ", null], "yz")  = ["abc  ", null]
     * StringUtils.stripAll(["yabcz", null], "yz")  = ["abc", null]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param strs       The array to remove characters from, may be null.
     * @param stripChars The characters to remove, null treated as whitespace.
     * @return The stripped Strings, {@code null} if null array input.
     */
    public static String[] stripAll(final String[] strs, final String stripChars) {
        final int strsLen = ArrayUtils.getLength(strs);
        if (strsLen == 0) {
            return strs;
        }
        return ArrayUtils.setAll(new String[strsLen], i -> strip(strs[i], stripChars));
    }

    /**
     * Strips any of a set of characters from the end of a String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. An empty string ("") input returns the empty string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If the stripChars String is {@code null}, whitespace is stripped as defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * The characters in {@code stripChars} are treated individually, not as a suffix. To remove a suffix as a whole,
     * use {@link Strings#removeEnd(String, CharSequence)} on {@link Strings#CS} instead.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.stripEnd(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.stripEnd("", *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.stripEnd("abc", "")        = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripEnd("abc", null)      = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripEnd("  abc", null)    = "  abc"
     * StringUtils.stripEnd("abc  ", null)    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripEnd(" abc ", null)    = " abc"
     * StringUtils.stripEnd("  abcyx", "xyz") = "  abc"
     * StringUtils.stripEnd("120.00", ".0")   = "12"
     * StringUtils.stripEnd("85123116", "16") = "85123"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str        The String to remove characters from, may be null.
     * @param stripChars The set of characters to remove, null treated as whitespace.
     * @return The stripped String, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String stripEnd(final String str, final String stripChars) {
        int end = length(str);
        if (end == 0) {
            return str;
        }
        if (stripChars == null) {
            while (end != 0 && Character.isWhitespace(str.charAt(end - 1))) {
                end--;
            }
        } else if (stripChars.isEmpty()) {
            return str;
        } else {
            while (end != 0) {
                final int codePoint = str.codePointBefore(end);
                if (stripChars.indexOf(codePoint) == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
                    break;
                }
                end -= Character.charCount(codePoint);
            }
        }
        return str.substring(0, end);
    }

    /**
     * Strips any of a set of characters from the start of a String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. An empty string ("") input returns the empty string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If the stripChars String is {@code null}, whitespace is stripped as defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.stripStart(null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.stripStart("", *)            = ""
     * StringUtils.stripStart("abc", "")        = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripStart("abc", null)      = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripStart("  abc", null)    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripStart("abc  ", null)    = "abc  "
     * StringUtils.stripStart(" abc ", null)    = "abc "
     * StringUtils.stripStart("yxabc  ", "xyz") = "abc  "
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str        The String to remove characters from, may be null.
     * @param stripChars The characters to remove, null treated as whitespace.
     * @return The stripped String, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String stripStart(final String str, final String stripChars) {
        final int strLen = length(str);
        if (strLen == 0) {
            return str;
        }
        int start = 0;
        if (stripChars == null) {
            while (start != strLen && Character.isWhitespace(str.charAt(start))) {
                start++;
            }
        } else if (stripChars.isEmpty()) {
            return str;
        } else {
            while (start != strLen) {
                final int codePoint = str.codePointAt(start);
                if (stripChars.indexOf(codePoint) == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
                    break;
                }
                start += Character.charCount(codePoint);
            }
        }
        return str.substring(start);
    }

    /**
     * Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String returning an empty String if {@code null} input.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is similar to {@link #trimToEmpty(String)} but removes whitespace. Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.stripToEmpty(null)     = ""
     * StringUtils.stripToEmpty("")       = ""
     * StringUtils.stripToEmpty("   ")    = ""
     * StringUtils.stripToEmpty("abc")    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripToEmpty("  abc")  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripToEmpty("abc  ")  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripToEmpty(" abc ")  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripToEmpty(" ab c ") = "ab c"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to be stripped, may be null.
     * @return The trimmed String, or an empty String if {@code null} input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String stripToEmpty(final String str) {
        return str == null ? EMPTY : strip(str, null);
    }

    /**
     * Strips whitespace from the start and end of a String returning {@code null} if the String is empty ("") after the strip.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is similar to {@link #trimToNull(String)} but removes whitespace. Whitespace is defined by {@link Character#isWhitespace(char)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.stripToNull(null)     = null
     * StringUtils.stripToNull("")       = null
     * StringUtils.stripToNull("   ")    = null
     * StringUtils.stripToNull("abc")    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripToNull("  abc")  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripToNull("abc  ")  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripToNull(" abc ")  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.stripToNull(" ab c ") = "ab c"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to be stripped, may be null.
     * @return The stripped String, {@code null} if whitespace, empty or null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String stripToNull(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        str = strip(str, null);
        return str.isEmpty() ? null : str; // NOSONARLINT str cannot be null here
    }

    /**
     * Gets a substring from the specified String avoiding exceptions.
     *
     * <p>
     * A negative start position can be used to start {@code n} characters from the end of the String.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} String will return {@code null}. An empty ("") String will return "".
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substring(null, *)   = null
     * StringUtils.substring("", *)     = ""
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", 0)  = "abc"
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", 2)  = "c"
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", 4)  = ""
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", -2) = "bc"
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", -4) = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str   The String to get the substring from, may be null.
     * @param start The position to start from, negative means count back from the end of the String by this many characters.
     * @return substring from start position, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String substring(final String str, int start) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // handle negatives, which means last n characters
        if (start < 0) {
            start = str.length() + start; // remember start is negative
        }
        if (start < 0) {
            start = 0;
        }
        if (start > str.length()) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return str.substring(start);
    }

    /**
     * Gets a substring from the specified String avoiding exceptions.
     *
     * <p>
     * A negative start position can be used to start/end {@code n} characters from the end of the String.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * The returned substring starts with the character in the {@code start} position and ends before the {@code end} position. All position counting is
     * zero-based -- i.e., to start at the beginning of the string use {@code start = 0}. Negative start and end positions can be used to specify offsets
     * relative to the end of the String.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If {@code start} is not strictly to the left of {@code end}, "" is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substring(null, *, *)    = null
     * StringUtils.substring("", * ,  *)    = "";
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", 0, 2)   = "ab"
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", 2, 0)   = ""
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", 2, 4)   = "c"
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", 4, 6)   = ""
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", 2, 2)   = ""
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", -2, -1) = "b"
     * StringUtils.substring("abc", -4, 2)  = "ab"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str   The String to get the substring from, may be null.
     * @param start The position to start from, negative means count back from the end of the String by this many characters.
     * @param end   The position to end at (exclusive), negative means count back from the end of the String by this many characters.
     * @return substring from start position to end position, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String substring(final String str, int start, int end) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // handle negatives
        if (end < 0) {
            end = str.length() + end; // remember end is negative
        }
        if (start < 0) {
            start = str.length() + start; // remember start is negative
        }
        // check length next
        if (end > str.length()) {
            end = str.length();
        }
        // if start is greater than end, return ""
        if (start > end) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        if (start < 0) {
            start = 0;
        }
        if (end < 0) {
            end = 0;
        }
        return str.substring(start, end);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the substring after the first occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} string input will return {@code null}. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If nothing is found, the empty string is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substringAfter(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", 'a')   = "bc"
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("abcba", 'b') = "cba"
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", 'c')   = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", 'd')   = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfter(" abc", 32)   = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to get a substring from, may be null.
     * @param find The character (Unicode code point) to find.
     * @return The substring after the first occurrence of the specified character, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 3.11
     */
    public static String substringAfter(final String str, final int find) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        final int pos = str.indexOf(find);
        if (pos == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return str.substring(pos + Character.charCount(find));
    }

    /**
     * Gets the substring after the first occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} string input will return {@code null}. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. A {@code null} separator will return the
     * empty string if the input string is not {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If nothing is found, the empty string is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substringAfter(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfter(*, null)      = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "a")   = "bc"
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("abcba", "b") = "cba"
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "c")   = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "d")   = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfter("abc", "")    = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to get a substring from, may be null.
     * @param find The String to find, may be null.
     * @return The substring after the first occurrence of the specified string, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String substringAfter(final String str, final String find) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        if (find == null) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final int pos = str.indexOf(find);
        if (pos == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return str.substring(pos + find.length());
    }

    /**
     * Gets the substring after the last occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} string input will return {@code null}. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If nothing is found, the empty string is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abc", 'a')   = "bc"
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast(" bc", 32)    = "bc"
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abcba", 'b') = "a"
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abc", 'c')   = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("a", 'a')     = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("a", 'z')     = ""
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to get a substring from, may be null.
     * @param find The character (Unicode code point) to find.
     * @return The substring after the last occurrence of the specified character, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 3.11
     */
    public static String substringAfterLast(final String str, final int find) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        final int pos = str.lastIndexOf(find);
        if (pos == INDEX_NOT_FOUND || pos == str.length() - Character.charCount(find)) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return str.substring(pos + Character.charCount(find));
    }

    /**
     * Gets the substring after the last occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} string input will return {@code null}. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. An empty or {@code null} separator will
     * return the empty string if the input string is not {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If nothing is found, the empty string is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast(*, "")        = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast(*, null)      = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abc", "a")   = "bc"
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abcba", "b") = "a"
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("abc", "c")   = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("a", "a")     = ""
     * StringUtils.substringAfterLast("a", "z")     = ""
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to get a substring from, may be null.
     * @param find The String to find, may be null.
     * @return The substring after the last occurrence of the specified string, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String substringAfterLast(final String str, final String find) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        if (isEmpty(find)) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final int pos = str.lastIndexOf(find);
        if (pos == INDEX_NOT_FOUND || pos == str.length() - find.length()) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        return str.substring(pos + find.length());
    }

    /**
     * Gets the substring before the first occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} string input will return {@code null}. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If nothing is found, the string input is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substringBefore(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", 'a')   = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("abcba", 'b') = "a"
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", 'c')   = "ab"
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", 'd')   = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to get a substring from, may be null.
     * @param find The character (Unicode code point) to find.
     * @return The substring before the first occurrence of the specified character, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 3.12.0
     */
    public static String substringBefore(final String str, final int find) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        final int pos = str.indexOf(find);
        if (pos == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
            return str;
        }
        return str.substring(0, pos);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the substring before the first occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} string input will return {@code null}. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. A {@code null} separator will return the
     * input string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If nothing is found, the string input is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substringBefore(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "a")   = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("abcba", "b") = "a"
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "c")   = "ab"
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "d")   = "abc"
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", "")    = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBefore("abc", null)  = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to get a substring from, may be null.
     * @param find The String to find, may be null.
     * @return The substring before the first occurrence of the specified string, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String substringBefore(final String str, final String find) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || find == null) {
            return str;
        }
        if (find.isEmpty()) {
            return EMPTY;
        }
        final int pos = str.indexOf(find);
        if (pos == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
            return str;
        }
        return str.substring(0, pos);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the substring before the last occurrence of a separator. The separator is not returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} string input will return {@code null}. An empty ("") string input will return the empty string. An empty or {@code null} separator will
     * return the input string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If nothing is found, the string input is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substringBeforeLast(null, *)      = null
     * StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("", *)        = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("abcba", "b") = "abc"
     * StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("abc", "c")   = "ab"
     * StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", "a")     = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", "z")     = "a"
     * StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", null)    = "a"
     * StringUtils.substringBeforeLast("a", "")      = "a"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to get a substring from, may be null.
     * @param find The String to find, may be null.
     * @return The substring before the last occurrence of the specified string, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String substringBeforeLast(final String str, final String find) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || isEmpty(find)) {
            return str;
        }
        final int pos = str.lastIndexOf(find);
        if (pos == INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
            return str;
        }
        return str.substring(0, pos);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the String that is nested in between two instances of the same String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} tag returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substringBetween(null, *)            = null
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("", "")             = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("", "tag")          = null
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("tagabctag", null)  = null
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("tagabctag", "")    = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("tagabctag", "tag") = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String containing the substring, may be null.
     * @param tag The String before and after the substring, may be null.
     * @return The substring, {@code null} if no match.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String substringBetween(final String str, final String tag) {
        return substringBetween(str, tag, tag);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the String that is nested in between two Strings. Only the first match is returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} open/close returns {@code null} (no match). An empty ("") open and close returns an
     * empty string.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("wx[b]yz", "[", "]") = "b"
     * StringUtils.substringBetween(null, *, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.substringBetween(*, null, *)          = null
     * StringUtils.substringBetween(*, *, null)          = null
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("", "", "")          = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("", "", "]")         = null
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("", "[", "]")        = null
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("yabcz", "", "")     = ""
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("yabcz", "y", "z")   = "abc"
     * StringUtils.substringBetween("yabczyabcz", "y", "z")   = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str   The String containing the substring, may be null.
     * @param open  The String before the substring, may be null.
     * @param close The String after the substring, may be null.
     * @return The substring, {@code null} if no match.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String substringBetween(final String str, final String open, final String close) {
        if (!ObjectUtils.allNotNull(str, open, close)) {
            return null;
        }
        final int start = str.indexOf(open);
        if (start != INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
            final int end = str.indexOf(close, start + open.length());
            if (end != INDEX_NOT_FOUND) {
                return str.substring(start + open.length(), end);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Searches a String for substrings delimited by a start and end tag, returning all matching substrings in an array.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}. A {@code null} open/close returns {@code null} (no match). An empty ("") open/close returns
     * {@code null} (no match).
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.substringsBetween("[a][b][c]", "[", "]") = ["a","b","c"]
     * StringUtils.substringsBetween(null, *, *)            = null
     * StringUtils.substringsBetween(*, null, *)            = null
     * StringUtils.substringsBetween(*, *, null)            = null
     * StringUtils.substringsBetween("", "[", "]")          = []
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str   The String containing the substrings, null returns null, empty returns empty.
     * @param open  The String identifying the start of the substring, empty returns null.
     * @param close The String identifying the end of the substring, empty returns null.
     * @return A String Array of substrings, or {@code null} if no match.
     * @since 2.3
     */
    public static String[] substringsBetween(final String str, final String open, final String close) {
        if (str == null || isEmpty(open) || isEmpty(close)) {
            return null;
        }
        final int strLen = str.length();
        if (strLen == 0) {
            return ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
        }
        final int closeLen = close.length();
        final int openLen = open.length();
        final List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        int pos = 0;
        while (pos < strLen - closeLen) {
            int start = str.indexOf(open, pos);
            if (start < 0) {
                break;
            }
            start += openLen;
            final int end = str.indexOf(close, start);
            if (end < 0) {
                break;
            }
            list.add(str.substring(start, end));
            pos = end + closeLen;
        }
        if (list.isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        return list.toArray(ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY);
    }

    /**
     * Swaps the case of a String changing upper and title case to lower case, and lower case to upper case.
     *
     * <ul>
     * <li>Upper case character converts to Lower case</li>
     * <li>Title case character converts to Lower case</li>
     * <li>Lower case character converts to Upper case</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * For a word based algorithm, see {@link org.apache.commons.text.WordUtils#swapCase(String)}. A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.swapCase(null)                 = null
     * StringUtils.swapCase("")                   = ""
     * StringUtils.swapCase("The dog has a BONE") = "tHE DOG HAS A bone"
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * NOTE: This method changed in Lang version 2.0. It no longer performs a word based algorithm. If you only use ASCII, you will notice no change. That
     * functionality is available in org.apache.commons.lang3.text.WordUtils.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str The String to swap case, may be null.
     * @return The changed String, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String swapCase(final String str) {
        if (isEmpty(str)) {
            return str;
        }
        final int strLen = str.length();
        final int[] newCodePoints = new int[strLen]; // cannot be longer than the char array
        int outOffset = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < strLen;) {
            final int oldCodepoint = str.codePointAt(i);
            final int newCodePoint;
            if (Character.isUpperCase(oldCodepoint) || Character.isTitleCase(oldCodepoint)) {
                newCodePoint = Character.toLowerCase(oldCodepoint);
            } else if (Character.isLowerCase(oldCodepoint)) {
                newCodePoint = Character.toUpperCase(oldCodepoint);
            } else {
                newCodePoint = oldCodepoint;
            }
            newCodePoints[outOffset++] = newCodePoint;
            i += Character.charCount(newCodePoint);
        }
        return new String(newCodePoints, 0, outOffset);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link CharSequence} into an array of code points.
     *
     * <p>
     * Valid pairs of surrogate code units will be converted into a single supplementary code point. Isolated surrogate code units (i.e. a high surrogate not
     * followed by a low surrogate or a low surrogate not preceded by a high surrogate) will be returned as-is.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.toCodePoints(null)   =  null
     * StringUtils.toCodePoints("")     =  []  // empty array
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param cs The character sequence to convert.
     * @return An array of code points.
     * @since 3.6
     */
    public static int[] toCodePoints(final CharSequence cs) {
        if (cs == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (isEmpty(cs)) {
            return ArrayUtils.EMPTY_INT_ARRAY;
        }
        return cs.toString().codePoints().toArray();
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@code byte[]} to a String using the specified character encoding.
     *
     * @param bytes   The byte array to read from.
     * @param charset The encoding to use, if null then use the platform default.
     * @return A new String.
     * @throws NullPointerException Thrown if {@code bytes} is null.
     * @since 3.2
     * @since 3.3 No longer throws {@link UnsupportedEncodingException}.
     */
    public static String toEncodedString(final byte[] bytes, final Charset charset) {
        return new String(bytes, Charsets.toCharset(charset));
    }

    /**
     * Converts the given source String as a lower-case using the {@link Locale#ROOT} locale in a null-safe manner.
     *
     * @param source A source String or null.
     * @return The given source String as a lower-case using the {@link Locale#ROOT} locale or null.
     * @since 3.10
     */
    public static String toRootLowerCase(final String source) {
        return source == null ? null : source.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
    }

    /**
     * Converts the given source String as an upper-case using the {@link Locale#ROOT} locale in a null-safe manner.
     *
     * @param source A source String or null.
     * @return The given source String as an upper-case using the {@link Locale#ROOT} locale or null.
     * @since 3.10
     */
    public static String toRootUpperCase(final String source) {
        return source == null ? null : source.toUpperCase(Locale.ROOT);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@code byte[]} to a String using the specified character encoding.
     *
     * @param bytes       The byte array to read from.
     * @param charsetName The encoding to use, if null then use the platform default.
     * @return A new String.
     * @throws NullPointerException Thrown if the input is null.
     * @since 3.1
     * @deprecated Use {@link StringUtils#toEncodedString(byte[], Charset)} instead of String constants in your code.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static String toString(final byte[] bytes, final String charsetName) {
        return new String(bytes, Charsets.toCharset(charsetName));
    }

    /**
     * Removes control characters plus space (char &lt;= 32) from both ends of this String, handling {@code null} by returning {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>
     * The String is trimmed using {@link String#trim()}. Trim removes start and end characters &lt;= 32. To strip whitespace use {@link #strip(String)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * To trim your choice of characters, use the {@link #strip(String, String)} methods.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.trim(null)          = null
     * StringUtils.trim("")            = ""
     * StringUtils.trim("     ")       = ""
     * StringUtils.trim("abc")         = "abc"
     * StringUtils.trim("    abc    ") = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to be trimmed, may be null.
     * @return The trimmed string, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String trim(final String str) {
        return str == null ? null : str.trim();
    }

    /**
     * Removes {@link CharUtils#isAsciiControl(char) ASCII control characters} (char &lt;= 31 or char == 127) from both ends of this String, handling
     * {@code null} by returning {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>
     * To trim your choice of characters, use the {@link #strip(String, String)} methods.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>{@code
     * StringUtils.trimAsciiControl(null)          = null
     * StringUtils.trimAsciiControl("")            = ""
     * StringUtils.trimAsciiControl("abc\u0000")   = "abc"
     * StringUtils.trimAsciiControl("abc")         = "abc"
     * StringUtils.trimAsciiControl(" abc ")       = " abc "
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to be trimmed, may be null.
     * @return The trimmed string, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 3.21.0
     */
    public static String trimAsciiControl(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        int len = str.length();
        int st = 0;
        while (st < len && CharUtils.isAsciiControl(str.charAt(st))) {
            st++;
        }
        while (st < len && CharUtils.isAsciiControl(str.charAt(len - 1))) {
            len--;
        }
        return st > 0 || len < str.length() ? str.substring(st, len) : str;
    }

    /**
     * Removes control characters (char &lt;= 32) from both ends of this String returning an empty String ("") if the String is empty ("") after the trim or if
     * it is {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>
     * The String is trimmed using {@link String#trim()}. Trim removes start and end characters &lt;= 32. To strip whitespace use {@link #stripToEmpty(String)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.trimToEmpty(null)          = ""
     * StringUtils.trimToEmpty("")            = ""
     * StringUtils.trimToEmpty("     ")       = ""
     * StringUtils.trimToEmpty("abc")         = "abc"
     * StringUtils.trimToEmpty("    abc    ") = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to be trimmed, may be null.
     * @return The trimmed String, or an empty String if {@code null} input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String trimToEmpty(final String str) {
        return str == null ? EMPTY : str.trim();
    }

    /**
     * Removes control characters (char &lt;= 32) from both ends of this String returning {@code null} if the String is empty ("") after the trim or if it is
     * {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>
     * The String is trimmed using {@link String#trim()}. Trim removes start and end characters &lt;= 32. To strip whitespace use {@link #stripToNull(String)}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.trimToNull(null)          = null
     * StringUtils.trimToNull("")            = null
     * StringUtils.trimToNull("     ")       = null
     * StringUtils.trimToNull("abc")         = "abc"
     * StringUtils.trimToNull("    abc    ") = "abc"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to be trimmed, may be null.
     * @return The trimmed String, {@code null} if only chars &lt;= 32, empty or null String input.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String trimToNull(final String str) {
        final String ts = trim(str);
        return isEmpty(ts) ? null : ts;
    }

    /**
     * Truncates a String. This will turn "Now is the time for all good men" into "Now is the time for".
     *
     * <p>
     * Specifically:
     * </p>
     * <ul>
     * <li>If {@code str} is less than {@code maxWidth} characters long, return it.</li>
     * <li>Else truncate it to {@code substring(str, 0, maxWidth)}.</li>
     * <li>If {@code maxWidth} is less than {@code 0}, throw an {@link IllegalArgumentException}.</li>
     * <li>In no case will it return a String of length greater than {@code maxWidth}.</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.truncate(null, 0)       = null
     * StringUtils.truncate(null, 2)       = null
     * StringUtils.truncate("", 4)         = ""
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefg", 4)  = "abcd"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefg", 6)  = "abcdef"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefg", 7)  = "abcdefg"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefg", 8)  = "abcdefg"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefg", -1) = throws an IllegalArgumentException
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The String to truncate, may be null.
     * @param maxWidth maximum length of result String, must be non-negative.
     * @return truncated String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code maxWidth} is less than {@code 0}.
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static String truncate(final String str, final int maxWidth) {
        return truncate(str, 0, maxWidth);
    }

    /**
     * Truncates a String. This will turn "Now is the time for all good men" into "is the time for all".
     *
     * <p>
     * Works like {@code truncate(String, int)}, but allows you to specify a "left edge" offset.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Specifically:
     * </p>
     * <ul>
     * <li>If {@code str} is less than {@code maxWidth} characters long, return it.</li>
     * <li>Else truncate it to {@code substring(str, offset, maxWidth)}.</li>
     * <li>If {@code maxWidth} is less than {@code 0}, throw an {@link IllegalArgumentException}.</li>
     * <li>If {@code offset} is less than {@code 0}, throw an {@link IllegalArgumentException}.</li>
     * <li>In no case will it return a String of length greater than {@code maxWidth}.</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.truncate(null, 0, 0) = null
     * StringUtils.truncate(null, 2, 4) = null
     * StringUtils.truncate("", 0, 10) = ""
     * StringUtils.truncate("", 2, 10) = ""
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghij", 0, 3) = "abc"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghij", 5, 6) = "fghij"
     * StringUtils.truncate("raspberry peach", 10, 15) = "peach"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 0, 10) = "abcdefghij"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", -1, 10) = throws an IllegalArgumentException
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", Integer.MIN_VALUE, 10) = throws an IllegalArgumentException
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE) = throws an IllegalArgumentException
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 0, Integer.MAX_VALUE) = "abcdefghijklmno"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 1, 10) = "bcdefghijk"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 2, 10) = "cdefghijkl"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 3, 10) = "defghijklm"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 4, 10) = "efghijklmn"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 5, 10) = "fghijklmno"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 5, 5) = "fghij"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 5, 3) = "fgh"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 10, 3) = "klm"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 10, Integer.MAX_VALUE) = "klmno"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 13, 1) = "n"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 13, Integer.MAX_VALUE) = "no"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 14, 1) = "o"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 14, Integer.MAX_VALUE) = "o"
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 15, 1) = ""
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", 15, Integer.MAX_VALUE) = ""
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghijklmno", Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE) = ""
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghij", 3, -1) = throws an IllegalArgumentException
     * StringUtils.truncate("abcdefghij", -2, 4) = throws an IllegalArgumentException
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The String to truncate, may be null.
     * @param offset   left edge of source String.
     * @param maxWidth maximum length of result String, must be non-negative.
     * @return truncated String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code offset} or {@code maxWidth} is less than {@code 0}.
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static String truncate(final String str, final int offset, final int maxWidth) {
        if (offset < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("offset cannot be negative");
        }
        if (maxWidth < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxWidth cannot be negative");
        }
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final int len = str.length();
        int start = Math.min(offset, len);
        int end = Math.min(offset > len - maxWidth ? len : offset + maxWidth, len);
        // keep both edges off the middle of a surrogate pair so the result is never left holding a lone surrogate
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, start)) {
            start++;
        }
        if (splitsSurrogatePair(str, end)) {
            end--;
        }
        return str.substring(start, Math.max(start, end));
    }

    /**
     * Uncapitalizes a String, changing the first character to lower case as per {@link Character#toLowerCase(int)}. No other characters are changed.
     *
     * <p>
     * For a word based algorithm, see {@link org.apache.commons.text.WordUtils#uncapitalize(String)}. A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.uncapitalize(null)  = null
     * StringUtils.uncapitalize("")    = ""
     * StringUtils.uncapitalize("cat") = "cat"
     * StringUtils.uncapitalize("Cat") = "cat"
     * StringUtils.uncapitalize("CAT") = "cAT"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The String to uncapitalize, may be null.
     * @return The uncapitalized String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @see org.apache.commons.text.WordUtils#uncapitalize(String)
     * @see #capitalize(String)
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static String uncapitalize(final String str) {
        final int strLen = length(str);
        if (strLen == 0) {
            return str;
        }
        final int firstCodePoint = str.codePointAt(0);
        final int newCodePoint = Character.toLowerCase(firstCodePoint);
        if (firstCodePoint == newCodePoint) {
            // already uncapitalized
            return str;
        }
        final int[] newCodePoints = str.codePoints().toArray();
        newCodePoints[0] = newCodePoint; // copy the first code point
        return new String(newCodePoints, 0, newCodePoints.length);
    }

    /**
     * Unwraps a given string from a character.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.unwrap(null, null)         = null
     * StringUtils.unwrap(null, '\0')         = null
     * StringUtils.unwrap(null, '1')          = null
     * StringUtils.unwrap("a", 'a')           = "a"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("aa", 'a')           = ""
     * StringUtils.unwrap("\'abc\'", '\'')    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("AABabcBAA", 'A')   = "ABabcBA"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("A", '#')           = "A"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("#A", '#')          = "#A"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("A#", '#')          = "A#"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The String to be unwrapped, can be null.
     * @param wrapChar The character used to unwrap.
     * @return unwrapped String or the original string if it is not quoted properly with the wrapChar.
     * @since 3.6
     */
    public static String unwrap(final String str, final char wrapChar) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || wrapChar == CharUtils.NUL || str.length() == 1) {
            return str;
        }
        if (str.charAt(0) == wrapChar && str.charAt(str.length() - 1) == wrapChar) {
            final int startIndex = 0;
            final int endIndex = str.length() - 1;
            return str.substring(startIndex + 1, endIndex);
        }
        return str;
    }

    /**
     * Unwraps a given string from another string.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.unwrap(null, null)         = null
     * StringUtils.unwrap(null, "")           = null
     * StringUtils.unwrap(null, "1")          = null
     * StringUtils.unwrap("a", "a")           = "a"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("aa", "a")          = ""
     * StringUtils.unwrap("\'abc\'", "\'")    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("\"abc\"", "\"")    = "abc"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("AABabcBAA", "AA")  = "BabcB"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("A", "#")           = "A"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("#A", "#")          = "#A"
     * StringUtils.unwrap("A#", "#")          = "A#"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str       The String to be unwrapped, can be null.
     * @param wrapToken The String used to unwrap.
     * @return unwrapped String or the original string if it is not quoted properly with the wrapToken.
     * @since 3.6
     */
    public static String unwrap(final String str, final String wrapToken) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || isEmpty(wrapToken) || str.length() < 2 * wrapToken.length()) {
            return str;
        }
        if (Strings.CS.startsWith(str, wrapToken) && Strings.CS.endsWith(str, wrapToken)) {
            return str.substring(wrapToken.length(), str.lastIndexOf(wrapToken));
        }
        return str;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a String to upper case as per {@link String#toUpperCase()}.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.upperCase(null)  = null
     * StringUtils.upperCase("")    = ""
     * StringUtils.upperCase("aBc") = "ABC"
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note:</strong> As described in the documentation for {@link String#toUpperCase()}, the result of this method is affected by the current locale.
     * For platform-independent case transformations, the method {@link #upperCase(String, Locale)} should be used with a specific locale (e.g.
     * {@link Locale#ENGLISH}).
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str The String to upper case, may be null.
     * @return The upper-cased String, {@code null} if null String input.
     */
    public static String upperCase(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return str.toUpperCase();
    }

    /**
     * Converts a String to upper case as per {@link String#toUpperCase(Locale)}.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.upperCase(null, Locale.ENGLISH)  = null
     * StringUtils.upperCase("", Locale.ENGLISH)    = ""
     * StringUtils.upperCase("aBc", Locale.ENGLISH) = "ABC"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str    The String to upper case, may be null.
     * @param locale The locale that defines the case transformation rules, must not be null.
     * @return The upper-cased String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static String upperCase(final String str, final Locale locale) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return str.toUpperCase(LocaleUtils.toLocale(locale));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of the {@code char} array or null.
     *
     * @param value The character array.
     * @return A String or null.
     * @see String#valueOf(char[])
     * @since 3.9
     */
    public static String valueOf(final char[] value) {
        return value == null ? null : String.valueOf(value);
    }

    /**
     * Wraps a string with a char.
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.wrap(null, *)        = null
     * StringUtils.wrap("", *)          = ""
     * StringUtils.wrap("ab", '\0')     = "ab"
     * StringUtils.wrap("ab", 'x')      = "xabx"
     * StringUtils.wrap("ab", '\'')     = "'ab'"
     * StringUtils.wrap("\"ab\"", '\"') = "\"\"ab\"\""
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The string to be wrapped, may be {@code null}.
     * @param wrapWith The char that will wrap {@code str}.
     * @return The wrapped string, or {@code null} if {@code str == null}.
     * @since 3.4
     */
    public static String wrap(final String str, final char wrapWith) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || wrapWith == CharUtils.NUL) {
            return str;
        }
        return wrapWith + str + wrapWith;
    }

    /**
     * Wraps a String with another String.
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} input String returns {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.wrap(null, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.wrap("", *)           = ""
     * StringUtils.wrap("ab", null)      = "ab"
     * StringUtils.wrap("ab", "x")       = "xabx"
     * StringUtils.wrap("ab", "\"")      = "\"ab\""
     * StringUtils.wrap("\"ab\"", "\"")  = "\"\"ab\"\""
     * StringUtils.wrap("ab", "'")       = "'ab'"
     * StringUtils.wrap("'abcd'", "'")   = "''abcd''"
     * StringUtils.wrap("\"abcd\"", "'") = "'\"abcd\"'"
     * StringUtils.wrap("'abcd'", "\"")  = "\"'abcd'\""
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The String to be wrapper, may be null.
     * @param wrapWith The String that will wrap str.
     * @return wrapped String, {@code null} if null String input.
     * @since 3.4
     */
    public static String wrap(final String str, final String wrapWith) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || isEmpty(wrapWith)) {
            return str;
        }
        return wrapWith.concat(str).concat(wrapWith);
    }

    /**
     * Wraps a string with a char if that char is missing from the start or end of the given string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A new {@link String} will not be created if {@code str} is already wrapped.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing(null, *)        = null
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("", *)          = ""
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("ab", '\0')     = "ab"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("ab", 'x')      = "xabx"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("ab", '\'')     = "'ab'"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("\"ab\"", '\"') = "\"ab\""
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("/", '/')  = "/"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("a/b/c", '/')  = "/a/b/c/"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("/a/b/c", '/')  = "/a/b/c/"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("a/b/c/", '/')  = "/a/b/c/"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The string to be wrapped, may be {@code null}.
     * @param wrapWith The char that will wrap {@code str}.
     * @return The wrapped string, or {@code null} if {@code str == null}.
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static String wrapIfMissing(final String str, final char wrapWith) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || wrapWith == CharUtils.NUL) {
            return str;
        }
        final boolean wrapStart = str.charAt(0) != wrapWith;
        final boolean wrapEnd = str.charAt(str.length() - 1) != wrapWith;
        if (!wrapStart && !wrapEnd) {
            return str;
        }
        final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(str.length() + 2);
        if (wrapStart) {
            builder.append(wrapWith);
        }
        builder.append(str);
        if (wrapEnd) {
            builder.append(wrapWith);
        }
        return builder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Wraps a string with a string if that string is missing from the start or end of the given string.
     *
     * <p>
     * A new {@link String} will not be created if {@code str} is already wrapped.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing(null, *)         = null
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("", *)           = ""
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("ab", null)      = "ab"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("ab", "x")       = "xabx"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("ab", "\"")      = "\"ab\""
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("\"ab\"", "\"")  = "\"ab\""
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("ab", "'")       = "'ab'"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("'abcd'", "'")   = "'abcd'"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("\"abcd\"", "'") = "'\"abcd\"'"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("'abcd'", "\"")  = "\"'abcd'\""
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("/", "/")  = "/"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("a/b/c", "/")  = "/a/b/c/"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("/a/b/c", "/")  = "/a/b/c/"
     * StringUtils.wrapIfMissing("a/b/c/", "/")  = "/a/b/c/"
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str      The string to be wrapped, may be {@code null}.
     * @param wrapWith The string that will wrap {@code str}.
     * @return The wrapped string, or {@code null} if {@code str == null}.
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static String wrapIfMissing(final String str, final String wrapWith) {
        if (isEmpty(str) || isEmpty(wrapWith)) {
            return str;
        }
        final boolean wrapStart = !str.startsWith(wrapWith);
        final boolean wrapEnd = !str.endsWith(wrapWith);
        if (!wrapStart && !wrapEnd) {
            return str;
        }
        final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(str.length() + wrapWith.length() + wrapWith.length());
        if (wrapStart) {
            builder.append(wrapWith);
        }
        builder.append(str);
        if (wrapEnd) {
            builder.append(wrapWith);
        }
        return builder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * {@link StringUtils} instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming. Instead, the class should be used as {@code StringUtils.trim(" foo ");}.
     *
     * <p>
     * This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean instance to operate.
     * </p>
     *
     * @deprecated TODO Make private in 4.0.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public StringUtils() {
        // empty
    }

}