FILE(1)

NAME
file - determine file type

SYNOPSIS
file [ -bcnsvzL ] [ -f namefile ] [ -m magicfiles ] file ...

DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents version 3.27 of the file command. File tests each argument in an attempt to classify it. There are three sets of tests, performed in this order: filesystem tests, magic number tests, and language tests. The first test that succeeds causes the file type to be printed.

The type printed will usually contain one of the words text (the file contains only ASCII characters and is probably safe to read on an ASCII terminal), executable (the file contains the result of compiling a program in a form understandable to some UNIX kernel or another), or data meaning anything else (data is usually `binary' or non-printable). Exceptions are well-known file formats (core files, tar archives) that are known to contain binary data. When adding local definitions to /etc/magic, preserve these keywords. People depend on knowing that all the readable files in a directory have the word ``text'' printed. Don't do as Berkeley did - change ``shell commands text'' to ``shell script''.

The filesystem tests are based on examining the return from a stat(2) system call. The program checks to see if the file is empty, or if it's some sort of special file. Any known file types appropriate to the system you are running on (sockets, symbolic links, or named pipes (FIFOs) on those systems that implement them) are intuited if they are defined in the system header file sys/stat.h.

The magic number tests are used to check for files with data in particular fixed formats. The canonical example of this is a binary executable (compiled program) a.out file, whose format is defined in a.out.h and possibly exec.h in the standard include directory. These files have a `magic number' stored in a particular place near the beginning of the file that tells the UNIX operating system that the file is a binary executable, and which of several types thereof. The concept of `magic number' has been applied by extension to data files. Any file with some invariant identifier at a small fixed offset into the file can usually be described in this way. The information in these files is read by default from the magic files /etc/magic and /etc/magic.

If an argument appears to be an ASCII file, file attempts to guess its language. The language tests look for particular strings (cf names.h) that can appear anywhere in the first few blocks of a file. For example, the keyword .br indicates that the file is most likely a troff(1) input file, just as the keyword struct indicates a C program. These tests are less reliable than the previous two groups, so they are performed last. The language test routines also test for some miscellany (such as tar(1) archives) and determine whether an unknown file should be labelled as `ascii text' or `data'.

OPTIONS

-b, --brief
    Do not prepend filenames to output lines.

-c, --checking-printout
    Cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic file. This is usually used in conjunction with -m to debug a new magic file before installing it.

-f, --files-from namefile
    Read the names of the files to be examined from namefile (one per line) before the argument list. Either namefile or at least one filename argument must be present; to test the standard input, use ``-'' as a filename argument.

-m, --magic-file list
    Specify an alternate list of files containing magic numbers. This can be a single file, or a colon-separated list of files.

-n, --no-buffer
    Force stdout to be flushed after check a file. This is only useful if checking a list of files. It is intended to be used by programs want filetype output from a pipe.

-z, --uncompress
    Try to look inside compressed files.

-L, --dereference
    This option causes symlinks to be followed, as the like-named option in ls(1).

-s, --special-files
    Normally, file only attempts to read and determine the type of argument files which stat(2) reports are ordinary files. This prevents problems, because reading special files may have peculiar consequences. Specifying the -s option causes file to also read argument files which are block or character special files. This is useful for determining the filesystem types of the data in raw disk partitions, which are block special files. This option also causes file to disregard the file size as reported by stat(2) since on some systems it reports a zero size for raw disk partitions.

--help
    Print a help message and exit.

--version
    Print version information and exit.

FILES

/etc/magic
    Default list of magic numbers.

/etc/magic
    Local additions to magic wisdom.

ENVIRONMENT
The environment variable MAGIC can be used to set the default magic number files.

SEE ALSO
magic(5) - description of magic file format.
strings(1), od(1), hexdump(1) - tools for examining non-textfiles.

STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
This program is believed to exceed the System V Interface Definition of FILE(CMD), as near as one can determine from the vague language contained therein. Its behaviour is mostly compatible with the System V program of the same name. This version knows more magic, however, so it will produce different (albeit more accurate) output in many cases.

The one significant difference between this version and System V is that this version treats any white space as a delimiter, so that spaces in pattern strings must be escaped. For example,
>10    string    language impress     (imPRESS data)
in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
>10    string    language\ impress    (imPRESS data)
In addition, in this version, if a pattern string contains a backslash, it must be escaped. For example
0    string    \begindata    Andrew Toolkit document
in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
0    string    \\begindata    Andrew Toolkit document

SunOS releases 3.2 and later from Sun Microsystems include a file(1) command derived from the System V one, but with some extensions. My version differs from Sun's only in minor ways. It includes the extension of the `&' operator, used as, for example,
>16    long&0x7fffffff    >0    not stripped

MAGIC DIRECTORY
The magic file entries have been collected from various sources, mainly USENET, and contributed by various authors. Christos Zoulas (address below) will collect additional or corrected magic file entries. A consolidation of magic file entries will be distributed periodically.

The order of entries in the magic file is significant. Depending on what system you are using, the order that they are put together may be incorrect.

EXAMPLES
$ file file.c file /dev/hda
file.c:   C program text
file:     ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1,
          dynamically linked, not stripped
/dev/hda: block special
$ file -s /dev/hda{,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
/dev/hda:   x86 boot sector
/dev/hda1:  Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem
/dev/hda2:  x86 boot sector
/dev/hda3:  x86 boot sector, extended partition table
/dev/hda4:  Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem
/dev/hda5:  Linux/i386 swap file
/dev/hda6:  Linux/i386 swap file
/dev/hda7:  Linux/i386 swap file
/dev/hda8:  Linux/i386 swap file
/dev/hda9:  empty
/dev/hda10: empty

HISTORY
There has been a file command in every UNIX since at least Research Version 6 (man page dated January, 1975). The System V version introduced one significant major change: the external list of magic number types. This slowed the program down slightly but made it a lot more flexible.

This program, based on the System V version, was written by Ian Darwin without looking at anybody else's source code.

John Gilmore revised the code extensively, making it better than the first version. Geoff Collyer found several inadequacies and provided some magic file entries. The program has undergone continued evolution since.

AUTHOR
Written by Ian F. Darwin, UUCP address {utzoo | ihnp4}!darwin!ian, Internet address ian@sq.com, postal address: P.O. Box 603, Station F, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA M4Y 2L8.

Altered by Rob McMahon, cudcv@warwick.ac.uk, 1989, to extend the `&' operator from simple `x&y != 0' to `x&y op z'.

Altered by Guy Harris, guy@netapp.com, 1993, to:

    put the ``old-style'' `&' operator back the way it was, because 1) Rob McMahon's change broke the previous style of usage, 2) the SunOS ``new-style'' `&' operator, which this version of file supports, also handles `x&y op z', and 3) Rob's change wasn't documented in any case;

    put in multiple levels of `>';

    put in ``beshort'', ``leshort'', etc. keywords to look at numbers in the file in a specific byte order, rather than in the native byte order of the process running file.

Changes by Ian Darwin and various authors including Christos Zoulas (christos@astron.com), 1990-1999.

LEGAL NOTICE
Copyright (c) Ian F. Darwin, Toronto, Canada, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993.

This software is not subject to and may not be made subject to any license of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Sun Microsystems Inc., Digital Equipment Inc., Lotus Development Inc., the Regents of the University of California, The X Consortium or MIT, or The Free Software Foundation.

This software is not subject to any export provision of the United States Department of Commerce, and may be exported to any country or planet.

Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose on any computer system, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions:

1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise from flaws in it.

2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either by explicit claim or by omission. Since few users ever read sources, credits must appear in the documentation.

3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. Since few users ever read sources, credits must appear in the documentation.

4. This notice may not be removed or altered.

A few support files (getopt, strtok) distributed with this package are by Henry Spencer and are subject to the same terms as above.

A few simple support files (strtol, strchr) distributed with this package are in the public domain; they are so marked.

The files tar.h and is_tar.c were written by John Gilmore from his public-domain tar program, and are not covered by the above restrictions.

BUGS
There must be a better way to automate the construction of the Magic file from all the glop in Magdir. What is it? Better yet, the magic file should be compiled into binary (say, ndbm(3) or, better yet, fixed-length ASCII strings for use in heterogenous network environments) for faster startup. Then the program would run as fast as the Version 7 program of the same name, with the flexibility of the System V version.

File uses several algorithms that favor speed over accuracy, thus it can be misled about the contents of ASCII files.

The support for ASCII files (primarily for programming languages) is simplistic, inefficient and requires recompilation to update.

There should be an ``else'' clause to follow a series of continuation lines.

The magic file and keywords should have regular expression support. Their use of ASCII TAB as a field delimiter is ugly and makes it hard to edit the files, but is entrenched.

It might be advisable to allow upper-case letters in keywords for e.g., troff(1) commands vs man page macros. Regular expression support would make this easy.

The program doesn't grok FORTRAN. It should be able to figure FORTRAN by seeing some keywords which appear indented at the start of line. Regular expression support would make this easy.

The list of keywords in ascmagic probably belongs in the Magic file. This could be done by using some keyword like `*' for the offset value.

Another optimisation would be to sort the magic file so that we can just run down all the tests for the first byte, first word, first long, etc, once we have fetched it. Complain about conflicts in the magic file entries. Make a rule that the magic entries sort based on file offset rather than position within the magic file?

The program should provide a way to give an estimate of ``how good'' a guess is. We end up removing guesses (e.g. ``From '' as first 5 chars of file) because they are not as good as other guesses (e.g. ``Newsgroups:'' versus "Return-Path:"). Still, if the others don't pan out, it should be possible to use the first guess.

This program is slower than some vendors' file commands.

This manual page, and particularly this section, is too long.

AVAILABILITY
You can obtain the original author's latest version by anonymous FTP on ftp.astron.com in the directory /pub/file/file-X.YY.tar.gz

This Debian version adds long options and corrects some bugs. It can be obtained from every site carrying a Debian distribution (ftp.debian.org and mirrors).